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Geometry Difficulty 6.6 National Olympiad Prove it Japan

4 points lie on a plane in such a way that no 3 among them lie on a same straight line. Consider 4 triangles formed by 3 of the 4 given points. If the radii of the 4 inscribed circles to these 4 triangles have the same length, prove that all of these triangles are congruent.

Solution

First, let us show that the following lemma holds.
Lemma: Suppose a triangle TT contains a triangle TT', and that the lengths of the radii of TT and TT' are the same. Then, we must have T=TT = T'.
Proof: It is clear that the incircle of a triangle is uniquely determined by the fact that it is the circle having the largest value for its radius among circles contained in the triangle. So, if we denote by Γ\Gamma and Γ\Gamma' the incircles of the triangles TT and TT', respectively, then since Γ\Gamma' is contained in TT' and TTT' \subset T, we must have that the length of the radius of Γ\Gamma' must be less than or equal to that of Γ\Gamma. Since these lengths are equal by assumption, we must have Γ=Γ\Gamma = \Gamma' by the uniqueness. Then, Γ\Gamma must be contained in TT' so we must have T=TT = T'.

Denote by A,B,C,DA, B, C, D the 4 points given for the problem. We may assume that the triangle ABCABC has the largest area among the 4 triangles formed by any 3 of the 4 given points. Denote by A\ell_A the line parallel to the side BCBC and going through the point AA. If the point DD lies on the other side from the points B,CB, C with respect to the line A\ell_A, then the triangle DBCDBC will have the area bigger than that of the triangle ABCABC, contrary to our assumption. So, DD must lie either on the line A\ell_A or on the same side as B,DB, D with respect to A\ell_A.

If we denote by B,(C)\ell_B, (\ell_C) the line parallel to ACAC (ABAB) going through the point BB (CC), then we can conclude in the same way as above that the point DD lies inside of the triangle (possibly on the boundary) formed by the lines A,B,C\ell_A, \ell_B, \ell_C. Denote by A,BA', B' and CC' the points of intersections of the lines B,C\ell_B, \ell_C, of the lines C,A\ell_C, \ell_A and of the lines A,B\ell_A, \ell_B, respectively.

Figure 1

Now suppose the point DD lies in the triangle ABCABC. Then, the triangle ABCABC contains the triangle ABDABD. But since the radii of the incircles of ABCABC and ABDABD have the same length by assumption, we must have D=CD = C by the Lemma proved above. But this contradicts the fact that the 4 given points are distinct. Hence the point DD must lie outside of the triangle ABCABC. We may assume without loss

of generality that DD lies inside of the triangle ABCAB'C. Since the sides AB,BCAB, B'C are parallel and so are the sides AB,BCAB', BC, the quadrilateral ABCBAB'CB is a parallelogram, and so, the triangles ABCABC and CBACB'A are congruent and hence the length of the radii of the incircles of these 2 triangles are equal. Since the triangle CDACDA is contained in the triangle CBACB'A and the radii of their incircles have the same length, we must have D=BD = B' by the Lemma. Consequently, we conclude that the quadrilateral ABCDABCD is a parallelogram, and therefore, the triangles ABCABC and BCDBCD have the same area. Since the radii of the incircles of these triangles are also the same, we conclude that the perimeters of these triangles also have the same length (since the area of the triangle is given by srsr, where ss is the length of its perimeter and rr is the length of its radius). Thus we get AB+BC+CA=BC+CD+DBAB + BC + CA = BC + CD + DB and since AB=CDAB = CD as ABCDABCD is a parallelogram, we see that CA=DBCA = DB must hold. Thus, the diagonals ACAC and BDBD of this parallelogram have the same length, and we conclude that the parallelogram is a rectangle, and all 4 triangles formed by any 3 of the points A,B,C,DA, B, C, D are congruent.

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