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IRL ABooklet

Algebra Difficulty 5.6 AIME, harder Prove it Ireland

Suppose the real numbers aa, AA, bb, BB satisfy the inequalities:
∣A−3a∣≤1−a,∣B−3b∣≤1−b, |A - 3a| \le 1 - a, \quad |B - 3b| \le 1 - b,
and aa, bb are positive. Prove that ∣AB3−3ab∣≤1−ab\left| \frac{AB}{3} - 3ab \right| \le 1 - ab.

Solutions — 2

Solution 1

Observe that aa, b∈(0,1]b \in (0, 1]. Let u=A−3au = A - 3a, v=B−3bv = B - 3b. Then ∣u∣≤1−a|u| \le 1 - a, ∣v∣≤1−b|v| \le 1 - b, and A=u+3aA = u + 3a, B=v+3bB = v + 3b, so that AB=uv+3(ub+va)+9abAB = uv + 3(ub + va) + 9ab. Hence
∣AB−9ab∣=∣uv+3(ub+va)∣≤∣u∣∣v∣+3(b∣u∣+a∣v∣)≤(1−a)(1−b)+3(a(1−b)+b(1−a))=1+2(a+b)−5ab=3(1−ab)−2(1−a−b+ab)≤3(1−ab) \begin{align*} |AB - 9ab| &= |uv + 3(ub + va)| \\ &\le |u||v| + 3(b|u| + a|v|) \\ &\le (1-a)(1-b) + 3(a(1-b) + b(1-a)) \\ &= 1 + 2(a+b) - 5ab \\ &= 3(1-ab) - 2(1-a-b+ab) \\ &\le 3(1-ab) \end{align*}
since
1−a−b+ab=(1−a)(1−b)≥0.1 - a - b + ab = (1 - a)(1 - b) \geq 0.
Whence, dividing by 3, it follows that
∣AB3−3ab∣≤1−ab. \left| \frac{AB}{3} - 3ab \right| \leq 1 - ab.

Solution 2

When we add the two equations
(1−a)(1+b)=1−ab−a+band(1+a)(1−b)=1−ab+a−bwe obtain (1-a)(1+b) = 1-ab-a+b \quad \text{and} \\ (1+a)(1-b) = 1-ab+a-b \quad \text{we obtain}
(1−a)(1+b)+(1+a)(1−b)=2(1−ab).(9) (1 - a)(1 + b) + (1 + a)(1 - b) = 2(1 - ab). \qquad (9)
Similarly, adding
(A−3a)(B+3b)=AB−9ab−3aB+3Abto(A+3a)(B−3b)=AB−9ab+3aB−3Abgives (A - 3a)(B + 3b) = AB - 9ab - 3aB + 3Ab \quad \text{to} \\ (A + 3a)(B - 3b) = AB - 9ab + 3aB - 3Ab \quad \text{gives}
(A−3a)(B+3b)+(A+3a)(B−3b)=2(AB−9ab).(10) (A - 3a)(B + 3b) + (A + 3a)(B - 3b) = 2(AB - 9ab). \qquad (10)
Since 0≤∣A−3a∣≤1−a0 \le |A - 3a| \le 1 - a, we have 0<a≤10 < a \le 1 and A−3a≤∣A−3a∣≤1−aA - 3a \le |A - 3a| \le 1 - a and so A≤1+2a≤3A \le 1 + 2a \le 3. But also 3a−A≤∣A−3a∣≤1−a3a - A \le |A - 3a| \le 1 - a, which gives −1<4a−1≤A-1 < 4a - 1 \le A, hence ∣A∣≤3|A| \le 3. This implies ∣A+3a∣≤∣A∣+3a≤3(1+a)|A + 3a| \le |A| + 3a \le 3(1+a). In a similar way we obtain ∣B+3b∣≤3(1+b)|B + 3b| \le 3(1+b). Using (10), the triangle inequality and the assumption, we now see that
2∣AB−9ab∣≤∣A−3a∣⋅∣B+3b∣+∣A+3a∣⋅∣B−3b∣≤3(1−a)(1+b)+3(1+a)(1−b)=6(1−ab), 2|AB - 9ab| \le |A - 3a| \cdot |B + 3b| + |A + 3a| \cdot |B - 3b| \\ \le 3(1 - a)(1 + b) + 3(1 + a)(1 - b) = 6(1 - ab),
where we have used (9) at the end. Division by 6 yields the desired inequality.

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