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Combinatorics Difficulty 7.6 National Olympiad, round 2 Prove it Japan

There is a village with a population of 20072007. This village has no name. You are God of this village and you want villagers to decide the name of this village. Every villager has one idea of the village's name.

Each villager can send a letter to each villager (including himself). And every villager can send any number of letters every day. Letters are collected in the evening and delivered at once the next morning every day. The villager who sends the letter can decide to whom the letter should be delivered. And each villager can send a letter to tell the idea of the name of the village to God only one time. This idea doesn't need to be the same as the idea which he and the other villagers had thought at first. And every villager's action is only writing a letter.

Every villager can be classified into an honest person or a liar. You and every villager don't know who is an honest person, and who is a liar. But you know that the number of liars is less than or equal to TT, and there is one honest person at least in this village.

You can give instructions to every villager only once at noon of one day. An honest person necessarily follows the instruction, but you don't know if a liar follows the instruction. Find the maximum TT for which there exists an instruction which fulfills the conditions below.

* At last, every honest person sends a letter to God and every honest person sends the same idea of the village's name.
* If every honest person had thought the same idea of the name of the village at first, every honest person sends this idea to God.

Solution

If 0T6680 \le T \le 668, we will prove that there exists an instruction which fulfills the conditions. Give the following instruction to every villager.

Define today as 0th day. All the villagers must prepare a notebook and a memo pad.

Today, each villager pp should write the idea of the village's name mm in the letters [p[p proposed m]m] and send these letters to every villager (including oneself). And at i=1,2,,2T+2i = 1, 2, \dots, 2T + 2th day, perform all the following in order.

* If you receive the letter [p0[p_0 proposed m]m] from villager pp in the morning, send the letter [i1[i - 1th day pp says p0p_0 proposed m]m] to every villager.
* Until then, if you have received the letter [j[jth day pp says p0p_0 proposed m]m] (ji2j \le i - 2) from 20072T2007 - 2T or more persons, send the letter [j[jth day pp says p0p_0 proposed m]m] to every villager.
* Until then, if you have received the letter [j[jth day pp says p0p_0 proposed m]m] (ji2j \le i - 2) from 2007T2007 - T or more persons, write [sure: jjth day pp says p0p_0 proposed m]m] to your memo pad.
* About villager p0p_0 and idea mm, if ii is even and distinct i2\frac{i}{2} villagers p0,p2,,pi2p_0, p_2, \dots, p_{i-2} exist and [sure: jjth day pjp_j says p0p_0 proposed m]m] is written in your memo pad for all the even numbers that satisfy 0j<i0 \le j < i, then write [p0[p_0's idea seems to be m]m] in your notebook and send the letter [p0[p_0 proposed m]m] to every villager.

And at 2T+22T + 2th day, all the villagers must look into their notebook and look for all the pairs (p,m)(p, m) that satisfy the following condition.

Condition: [p[p's idea seems to be m]m] is written in your notebook. And if [p[p's idea seems to be m]m] and [p[p's idea seems to be n]n] are both written in your notebook, then m=nm = n.

Consider (p,m)(p, m) pairs that satisfy this condition only. Count the kind of pp corresponding to each mm. And if only one mm has the most kinds of pp, then send a letter [m][m] to God. Otherwise, send a letter [JMO] to God.

Now let us prove that this instruction satisfies the problem's condition. We will prove the following. Notice that 2007>3T2007 > 3T.

(1) If some honest person wrote [sure: jjth day pp says p0p_0 proposed mm] in his memo pad, villager pp really sent the letter [p0p_0 proposed mm] on the jjth day.

(2) If some honest person wrote [sure: jjth day pp says p0p_0 proposed mm] in his memo pad on the kkth day, every honest person wrote the same content in their memo pads by the k+1k+1th day.

(3) Now assume that p0p_0 is an honest person. If some honest person wrote [p0p_0's idea seems to be mm] in his notebook, p0p_0 really proposed mm. And if p0p_0 proposed mm, every honest person would write [p0p_0's idea seems to be mm] in their notebook by the 2T+22T+2th day.

(4) If some honest person wrote [pp's idea seems to be mm] in his notebook, every honest person would write the same content in their memo pads by the 2T+22T+2th day.

Proof of (1): Assume that some honest person wrote [sure: jjth day pp says p0p_0 proposed mm] to his memo pad. According to the instruction, he received the letter [jjth day pp says p0p_0 proposed mm] from 2007T2007-T or more persons. Especially, from 2007T>T2007-T > T, there exists some honest person who sent the letter [jjth day pp says p0p_0 proposed mm]. Now define qq as the honest person who sent this content first. There are two possible reasons why qq sent this letter.

(a) qq received the letter of this content from 20072T2007 - 2T or more people.

(b) qq received the letter of the content [p0p_0 proposed mm] from pp.

But in the case of (a), from 20072T>T2007 - 2T > T, a certain honest person sent a letter [jjth day pp says p0p_0 proposed mm] to qq earlier than qq sent the same letter. This is contrary to the definition of qq. Therefore, there is the case (b) only, and lemma (1) is proved.

Proof of (2): Assume that some honest person wrote [sure: jjth day pp says p0p_0 proposed mm] to his memo pad on the kkth day. It means that 2007T2007 - T or more villagers, therefore 20072T2007 - 2T or more honest people sent a letter [jjth day pp says p0p_0 proposed mm] to him by the kkth day. By the way, every honest person sent letters to every villager every day, so every villager receives the letter of this content from 20072T2007 - 2T or more persons by the kkth day, and so every honest person sent the letter of this content to every villager, and therefore every villager will receive the letter of this content from 2007T2007 - T or more persons by the k+1k+1th day. Thus, every honest person wrote [sure: jjth day pp says p0p_0 proposed mm] in their memo pad by the k+1k+1th day. Lemma (2) is proved.

Proof of (3): Assume that some honest person wrote [p0p_0's idea seems to be mm] in his notebook. According to the instruction, [sure: 0th day p0p_0 says p0p_0 proposed mm] was written in his memo pad. According to lemma (1), p0p_0 sent the letter [p0p_0 proposed mm] on the 0th day. Next, assume that p0p_0 sent the letter [p0p_0 proposed mm] to every villager. Then on the 1st day, every honest person, that means 2007T2007-T or more honest people receive this letter, and send the letter [0th day p0p_0 says p0p_0 proposed mm] to every villager. Then on the 2nd day, every honest person receives this letter, and writes [0th day p0p_0 says p0p_0 proposed mm] to their memo pad, and then write [p0p_0's idea seems to be mm] to their notebook. Lemma (3) is proved.

Proof of (4): Assume that the honest person who wrote [p0p_0's idea seems to be mm] in the notebook earliest is qq, and qq wrote this on the 2i+22i+2th day. According to the instruction, there exist distinct villagers p0,p2,,p2ip_0, p_2, \dots, p_{2i} and [sure: 2j2jth day p2jp_{2j} says p0p_0 proposed mm] in qq's notebook. From 2i+22T+22i + 2 \le 2T + 2, then iTi \le T. So there exists a number jj that p2jp_{2j} is an honest person, or there doesn't exist such number jj. In this case, i<Ti < T.

In the case of the former, if p2jp_{2j} is an honest person, according to lemma (1), p2jp_{2j} really sent the letter [p0[p_0 proposed m]m] on the 2j2jth day, or 2j=02j = 0. But the former is contrary to the definition of qq. So j=0j = 0. And thus every honest person wrote [p0[p_0's idea seems to be m]m] in their notebook on the 2nd day. (This fact is proved by the part of proof of lemma (3))

In the case of the latter, qq sent the letter [p0[p_0 proposed m]m] to every villager on the 2i+22i + 2th day. And from the same argument as (3), every honest person wrote [sure: 2i+22i+2th day qq says p0p_0 proposed mm] in their notebook on the 2i+42i+4th day. By the way, the content [sure: 2j2jth day p2jp_{2j} says p0p_0 proposed mm] (0ji0 \le j \le i) in qq's notebook will be also written in every honest person's notebook (reference to lemma (2)). Every p2jp_{2j} isn't honest, so qq is different from every p2jp_{2j}. Therefore, from these facts, every honest person wrote [p0[p_0's idea seems to be m]m] in their notebook on the 2i+42i+4th day. Now i<Ti < T, then 2i+42T+22i + 4 \le 2T + 2. Lemma (4) is proved.

According to lemma (4), on the evening of the 2T+22T+2th day, the contents of every honest person's notebook are the same. So every honest person will send the same letter to God. Thus the first condition is satisfied. Next, according to lemma (3), every honest person's idea is written in every honest person's memo pad. And for honest person pp, at most one mm is written as [p[p's idea seems to be m]m]. Therefore, if every honest person had the same idea of the village name hh, hh gains the most votes. (2007T>200722007 - T > \frac{2007}{2}) Thus every honest person sends a letter [m][m] to God. So the second condition is satisfied.

Next, we will prove that if T669T \ge 669, instructions which fulfill the conditions don't exist. At first, prove the following lemma.

Lemma A: In the problem, if the number of villagers is changed into 33, and put T=1T = 1, instructions which fulfill the conditions don't exist.

Proof of Lemma A: Assume that instructions which fulfill the conditions exist. Define three villagers as 1,21, 2 and 33. Assume that this instruction doesn't direct to send a letter to oneself. Consider the following situation X. There was another village in which three villagers 1,2,31', 2', 3' live. And this village also had no name. And in this village, another God gave the same instruction as the same day (1,2,31, 2, 3 correspond to 1,2,31', 2', 3'). But because of a mistake of the post office, the letter from ii to jj always arrived as a letter from ii' to jj', and the letter from ii' to jj' always arrived as a letter from ii to jj (i,j=1,2,3i, j = 1, 2, 3). And 1,2,3,1,2,31, 2, 3, 1', 2', 3' are honest people, and consider a,a,b,b,b,aa, a, b, b, b, a as their ideas of the name of the village respectively. (aba \ne b)

First, take notice of 11 and 22'. Consider the following village Z.

* Village Z has three villagers 1,2,31'', 2'', 3''.
* The same direction was given to village Z.
* 11'' is a honest person, and considers aa as an idea of the name of the village Z.
* 22'' is a honest person, and considers bb as an idea of the name of the village Z.
* 33'' is a liar. 33'' sends a letter which 33 sent to 22 on the iith day to 22'' on the iith day. And 33'' sends a letter which 33 sent to 11 on the iith day to 11'' on the iith day.

In this situation, actions of 11'', 22'' in Village Z is the same as actions of 1,21, 2' in Situation X. From the assumption that the instruction fulfills the conditions, 11'' and 22'' send the same idea xx for the name of the village Z to God. xax \ne a or xbx \ne b holds, and we can assume xax \ne a.

Next, take notice of 11 and 33'. From the same reason, they send the same idea xx for the name of the village Z to God. But they considered the same idea aa at first, so the idea they send to God is aa (from the second condition). This is a contradiction. So the lemma A is proved.

And now assume that there exists an instruction KK which fulfills the conditions if T669T \ge 669. Define 20072007 villagers as A1,A2,,A669,B1,B2,,B669,C1,C2,,C669A_1, A_2, \dots, A_{669}, B_1, B_2, \dots, B_{669}, C_1, C_2, \dots, C_{669}. Consider the following instruction JJ about the village which three persons α,β,γ\alpha, \beta, \gamma live in and T=1T = 1.

Each villager must prepare 669669 dolls. Define the dolls of α,β,γ\alpha, \beta, \gammaas as a_1, a_2, ,a669,\dots, a_{669}, b_1, b_2, ,b669,\dots, b_{669}, c_1, c_2, ,c669\dots, c_{669}.. α\alpha should make each doll a_j consider the same idea as α\alphathinks.And thinks. And α\alpha should make each doll a_j do the same action as the action which A_jdoesintheinstruction does in the instruction K.If. If a_jsendsaletter sends a letter [x]to to A_i(or (or B_i, C_i),), α\alphamustsendaletter must send a letter [A_j \to A_i, x]to to α\alpha(or (or β,γ\beta, \gamma).Andif). And if α\alpha receives the letter of the following form, α\alpha must give this letter to a_j(astheletterfrom (as the letter from A_i, B_i, C_i. And the content of this letter is [y]).Andif). And if α\alphareceivedaletterinotherforms, received a letter in other forms, α$\alpha\$ must ignore it.

* [AiAj,y][A_i \to A_j, y] from α\alpha
* [BiAj,y][B_i \to A_j, y] from β\beta
* [CiAj,y][C_i \to A_j, y] from γ\gamma

And if every aia_i (i=1,2,,669i = 1, 2, \dots, 669) sent the same letter [z][z] to God, α\alpha must send the letter [z][z] to God. β,γ\beta, \gamma must act the same way. We will prove that the instruction JJ fulfills the conditions. Assume that only α\alpha is a liar. In the case of A1,A2,,A669A_1, A_2, \dots, A_{669} are liars and the others are honest people, B1,B2,,B669,C1,C2,,C669B_1, B_2, \dots, B_{669}, C_1, C_2, \dots, C_{669} will send the same idea to God, so β,γ\beta, \gamma will send the same idea. And the instruction JJ also fulfills the second condition. We can prove other cases in the same way. But this is contrary to Lemma A. So it is proved that if T669T \ge 669, instructions which fulfill the conditions don't exist.

The answer is 668668.

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