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Geometry Difficulty 4.3 AIME Prove it

Given an ellipse C with its center at the origin and foci on the x-axis, and with a minor axis of length 2, the eccentricity is equal to 255\frac{2\sqrt{5}}{5}.
(1) Find the equation of ellipse C;
(2) Let line l pass through the right focus F of ellipse C and intersect ellipse C at points A and B, and intersect the y-axis at point M. If MA=λ1AF\vec{MA} = \lambda_1 \vec{AF} and MB=λ2BF\vec{MB} = \lambda_2 \vec{BF}, prove that λ1+λ2\lambda_1 + \lambda_2 is a constant.

Solution

(1) Let's start by considering the standard equation of an ellipse centered at the origin and with its axes aligned with the coordinate axes which is given by x2a2+y2b2=1\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1 where a>b>0a > b > 0.
Since the length of the minor axis is 2, we have 2b=22b = 2 which implies b=1b = 1. Additionally, we know that the eccentricity ε=ca=255\varepsilon = \frac{c}{a} = \frac{2\sqrt{5}}{5}, which leads us to c2a2=45\frac{c^2}{a^2} = \frac{4}{5}.
We know that in an ellipse a2=b2+c2a^2 = b^2 + c^2, so a2=12+c2=5a^2 = 1^2 + c^2 = 5. Thus, the equation of ellipse C is x25+y2=1\boxed{\frac{x^2}{5} + y^2 = 1}.

(2) To prove the second part, let's define the coordinates of the points A, B, and M as A(x1,y1)(x_1, y_1), B(x2,y2)(x_2, y_2), and M(0,y0)(0, y_0), respectively. We also know that the right focus F has coordinates (a2b2,0)(\sqrt{a^2 - b^2}, 0), so the coordinates of F are (2,0)(2, 0) since a2=5a^2 = 5 and b2=1b^2 = 1.
The slope of line l exists and let's denote it by kk, so the equation of line l can be written as y=k(x2)y = k(x - 2).

Substituting the equation of line l into the equation of ellipse C and eliminating yy and simplifying gives us (1+5k2)x220k2x+20k25=0(1 + 5k^2)x^2 - 20k^2 x + 20k^2 - 5 = 0.
Consequently, our resulting system is x1+x2=20k21+5k2x_1 + x_2 = \frac{20k^2}{1 + 5k^2} and x1x2=20k251+5k2x_1 x_2 = \frac{20k^2 - 5}{1 + 5k^2}.

Since MA=λ1AF\vec{MA} = \lambda_1 \vec{AF} and MB=λ2BF\vec{MB} = \lambda_2 \vec{BF}, we substitute the coordinates of the points A and B and obtain λ1=x12x1\lambda_1 = \frac{x_1}{2 - x_1} and λ2=x22x2\lambda_2 = \frac{x_2}{2 - x_2}. Therefore,
\begin{align*}
\lambda_1 + \lambda_2 &= \frac{x_1}{2 - x_1} + \frac{x_2}{2 - x_2} \\
&= \frac{2(x_1 + x_2) - 2x_1 x_2}{4 - 2(x_1 + x_2) + x_1 x_2} \\
&= \frac{2\cdot \frac{20k^2}{1 + 5k^2} - 2\cdot \frac{20k^2 - 5}{1 + 5k^2}}{4 - 2\cdot \frac{20k^2}{1 + 5k^2} + \frac{20k^2 - 5}{1 + 5k^2}} \\
&= \frac{40k^2 - (40k^2 - 10)}{(4+5k^2) - (40k^2)} \\
&= \frac{10}{5k^2+4-40k^2} \\
&= \frac{10}{4 - 35k^2} \\
&= -10 \quad (\text{as } 35k^2 > 0)
\end{align*}

Thus, λ1+λ2\lambda_1 + \lambda_2 is a constant, specifically 10\boxed{-10}.

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Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.