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Algebra Difficulty 5.9 AIME, harder Prove it

Let θi(π2,π2),i=1,2,3,4\theta_{i} \in\left(-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}\right), i=1,2,3,4. Prove: There exists θR\theta \in \mathbf{R}, such that the following two inequalities
cos2θ1cos2θ2(sinθ1sinθ2x)20,cos2θ3cos2θ4(sinθ3sinθ4x)20 \begin{array}{l} \cos ^{2} \theta_{1} \cdot \cos ^{2} \theta_{2}-\left(\sin \theta_{1} \cdot \sin \theta_{2}-x\right)^{2} \geqslant 0, \\ \cos ^{2} \theta_{3} \cdot \cos ^{2} \theta_{4}-\left(\sin \theta_{3} \cdot \sin \theta_{4}-x\right)^{2} \geqslant 0 \end{array}

hold simultaneously if and only if
i=14sin2θi2(1+i=14sinθi+i=14cosθi) \sum_{i=1}^{4} \sin ^{2} \theta_{i} \leqslant 2\left(1+\prod_{i=1}^{4} \sin \theta_{i}+\prod_{i=1}^{4} \cos \theta_{i}\right) \text {. }
(Supplied by Li Shenghong)

Solution

Certainly, here is the translation of the provided text into English, preserving the original formatting:

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Clearly, equations (1) and (2) are equivalent to
sinθ1sinθ2cosθ1cosθ2xsinθ1sinθ2+cosθ1cosθ2,sinθ3sinθ4cosθ3cosθ4xsinθ3sinθ4+cosθ3cosθ4. \begin{array}{l} \sin \theta_{1} \cdot \sin \theta_{2}-\cos \theta_{1} \cdot \cos \theta_{2} \\ \leqslant x \leqslant \sin \theta_{1} \cdot \sin \theta_{2}+\cos \theta_{1} \cdot \cos \theta_{2}, \\ \sin \theta_{3} \cdot \sin \theta_{4}-\cos \theta_{3} \cdot \cos \theta_{4} \\ \leqslant x \leqslant \sin \theta_{3} \cdot \sin \theta_{4}+\cos \theta_{3} \cdot \cos \theta_{4} . \end{array}

It is evident that the necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of xR x \in \mathbf{R} such that equations (4) and (5) hold simultaneously is
sinθ1sinθ2+cosθ1cosθ2sinθ3sinθ4+cosθ3cosθ40,sinθ3sinθ4+cosθ3cosθ4sinθ1sinθ2+cosθ1cosθ20. \begin{array}{l} \sin \theta_{1} \cdot \sin \theta_{2}+\cos \theta_{1} \cdot \cos \theta_{2}- \\ \sin \theta_{3} \cdot \sin \theta_{4}+\cos \theta_{3} \cdot \cos \theta_{4} \geqslant 0, \\ \sin \theta_{3} \cdot \sin \theta_{4}+\cos \theta_{3} \cdot \cos \theta_{4}- \\ \sin \theta_{1} \cdot \sin \theta_{2}+\cos \theta_{1} \cdot \cos \theta_{2} \geqslant 0 . \end{array}

On the other hand, using sin2α=1cos2α\sin ^{2} \alpha=1-\cos ^{2} \alpha, equation (3) can be transformed into
cos2θ1cos2θ2+2cosθ1cosθ2cosθ3cosθ4+cos2θ3cos2θ4sin2θsin2θ2+2sinθ1sinθ2sinθ3sinθ4sin2θ3sin2θ40, \begin{array}{l} \cos ^{2} \theta_{1} \cdot \cos ^{2} \theta_{2}+2 \cos \theta_{1} \cdot \cos \theta_{2} \cdot \cos \theta_{3} \cdot \cos \theta_{4}+ \\ \cos ^{2} \theta_{3} \cdot \cos ^{2} \theta_{4}-\sin ^{2} \theta \cdot \sin ^{2} \theta_{2}+ \\ 2 \sin \theta_{1} \cdot \sin \theta_{2} \cdot \sin \theta_{3} \cdot \sin \theta_{4}-\sin ^{2} \theta_{3} \cdot \sin ^{2} \theta_{4} \geqslant 0, \end{array}

which simplifies to
(cosθ1cosθ2+cosθ3cosθ4)2(sinθ1sinθ2sinθ3sinθ4)20, \left(\cos \theta_{1} \cdot \cos \theta_{2}+\cos \theta_{3} \cdot \cos \theta_{4}\right)^{2}- \\ \left(\sin \theta_{1} \cdot \sin \theta_{2}-\sin \theta_{3} \cdot \sin \theta_{4}\right)^{2} \geqslant 0,

or equivalently,
(sinθ1sinθ2+cosθ1cosθ2sinθ3sinθ4+cosθ3cosθ4)(sinθ3sinθ4+cosθ3cosθ4sinθ1sinθ2+cosθ1cosθ2)0. \begin{array}{l} \left(\sin \theta_{1} \cdot \sin \theta_{2}+\cos \theta_{1} \cdot \cos \theta_{2}-\sin \theta_{3} \cdot \sin \theta_{4}+\right. \\ \left.\cos \theta_{3} \cdot \cos \theta_{4}\right)\left(\sin \theta_{3} \cdot \sin \theta_{4}+\cos \theta_{3} \cdot \cos \theta_{4}-\right. \\ \left.\sin \theta_{1} \cdot \sin \theta_{2}+\cos \theta_{1} \cdot \cos \theta_{2}\right) \geqslant 0 . \end{array}

When there exists xR x \in \mathbf{R} such that equations (4) and (5) hold simultaneously, equations (6) and (7) immediately imply equation (8). Therefore, equation (3) holds.

Conversely, when equation (3), or equivalently equation (8), holds, if equations (6) and (7) do not hold, then
sinθ1sinθ2+cosθ1cosθ2sinθ3sinθ4+cosθ3cosθ4<0sinθ3sinθ4+cosθ3cosθ4sinθ1sinθ2+cosθ1cosθ2<0 \begin{array}{l} \sin \theta_{1} \cdot \sin \theta_{2}+\cos \theta_{1} \cdot \cos \theta_{2}-\sin \theta_{3} \cdot \sin \theta_{4}+ \\ \cos \theta_{3} \cdot \cos \theta_{4}<0 \\ \sin \theta_{3} \cdot \sin \theta_{4}+\cos \theta_{3} \cdot \cos \theta_{4}-\sin \theta_{1} \cdot \sin \theta_{2}+ \\ \cos \theta_{1} \cdot \cos \theta_{2}<0 \end{array}

Adding these two inequalities, we get
2(cosθ1cosθ2+cosθ3cosθ4)<0. 2\left(\cos \theta_{1} \cdot \cos \theta_{2}+\cos \theta_{3} \cdot \cos \theta_{4}\right)<0.
This contradicts θi(π2,π2),i=1,2,3,4\theta_{i} \in\left(-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}\right), i=1,2,3,4.
Therefore, equations (6) and (7) must hold simultaneously. Hence, there exists xR x \in \mathbf{R} such that equations (4) and (5) hold simultaneously.

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Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.