Maths Olympiad Prep

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Geometry Difficulty 7.3 National olympiad, round 2 Prove it

We have 33 circles such that any 22 of them are externally tangent. Let aa be length of the outer tangent common to a pair of them. The lengths bb and cc are defined similarly. If TT is the sum of the areas of such circles, show that π(a+b+c)212T\pi (a + b + c)^2 \le 12T .

Note: In In the case of externally tangent circles, the common external tangent is the segment tangent to them that touches them at different points.

Solution

1. Let the radii of the three circles be x,y, x, y, and z z . Since the circles are externally tangent, the length of the common external tangent between any two circles is given by the sum of their radii. Therefore, we have:
a=x+y,b=y+z,c=z+x a = x + y, \quad b = y + z, \quad c = z + x

2. We need to show that:
π(a+b+c)212T \pi (a + b + c)^2 \le 12T
where T T is the sum of the areas of the circles. The area of a circle with radius r r is πr2 \pi r^2 . Thus, the total area T T is:
T=πx2+πy2+πz2 T = \pi x^2 + \pi y^2 + \pi z^2

3. First, calculate a+b+c a + b + c :
a+b+c=(x+y)+(y+z)+(z+x)=2x+2y+2z=2(x+y+z) a + b + c = (x + y) + (y + z) + (z + x) = 2x + 2y + 2z = 2(x + y + z)

4. Now, square a+b+c a + b + c :
(a+b+c)2=(2(x+y+z))2=4(x+y+z)2 (a + b + c)^2 = (2(x + y + z))^2 = 4(x + y + z)^2

5. We need to show that:
π(a+b+c)212T \pi (a + b + c)^2 \le 12T
Substituting the expression for (a+b+c)2 (a + b + c)^2 and T T , we get:
π4(x+y+z)212(πx2+πy2+πz2) \pi \cdot 4(x + y + z)^2 \le 12 (\pi x^2 + \pi y^2 + \pi z^2)

6. Simplify the inequality:
4(x+y+z)212(x2+y2+z2) 4(x + y + z)^2 \le 12 (x^2 + y^2 + z^2)

7. Divide both sides by 4:
(x+y+z)23(x2+y2+z2) (x + y + z)^2 \le 3 (x^2 + y^2 + z^2)

8. The inequality (x+y+z)23(x2+y2+z2) (x + y + z)^2 \le 3 (x^2 + y^2 + z^2) is a direct application of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality in the form:
(x2+y2+z2)(12+12+12)(x+y+z)2 (x^2 + y^2 + z^2)(1^2 + 1^2 + 1^2) \ge (x + y + z)^2
Simplifying the right-hand side, we get:
3(x2+y2+z2)(x+y+z)2 3(x^2 + y^2 + z^2) \ge (x + y + z)^2
which is exactly what we needed to prove.

Therefore, the inequality holds true.

\blacksquare

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Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.