For each positive integer , define . Prove that, in the sequence there are infinitely many odd integers, as well as infinitely many even integers.
Remark. is the largest integer that does not exceed the real number .
For each positive integer , define . Prove that, in the sequence there are infinitely many odd integers, as well as infinitely many even integers.
Remark. is the largest integer that does not exceed the real number .
1. **Binary Representation of and **:
Let the binary representation of be and the binary representation of be .
2. **Expression for **:
We have .
3. **Condition for being even or odd**:
is even if and only if the sum of the fractional parts of and is less than 1. This happens if and only if .
4. **Assumption of Finitely Many Odd **:
Suppose there are finitely many odd . This implies that for sufficiently large , .
5. **Implication of for Large **:
If for all sufficiently large , then the fractional parts of and are eventually the same. This implies that has a binary expansion that eventually terminates, making it a rational number.
6. Contradiction:
However, is not rational because if it were, then would imply that is rational, which is not true since is not a perfect square.
7. **Assumption of Finitely Many Even **:
Suppose there are finitely many even . This implies that for sufficiently large , , which means since .
8. **Implication of for Large **:
If for all sufficiently large , then the fractional parts of and are such that their sum is always 1. This implies that has a binary expansion that is eventually all 1's, which can be re-expressed as terminating (since ), making it a rational number.
9. Contradiction:
However, is not rational because if it were, then would imply that is rational, which is not true since is not a perfect square.
10. Conclusion:
Since both assumptions lead to contradictions, it follows that there must be infinitely many odd and infinitely many even .