Maths Olympiad Prep

Library / /501 of 520

Algebra Difficulty 7.7 National olympiad, round 2 Prove it

Example 16 Let a,b,c,dR+a, b, c, d \in \mathbf{R}^{+}, and abcd=1a b c d=1, prove that
11+a+a2+a3+11+b+b2+b3+11+c+c2+c3+11+d+d2+d31\frac{1}{1+a+a^{2}+a^{3}}+\frac{1}{1+b+b^{2}+b^{3}}+\frac{1}{1+c+c^{2}+c^{3}}+\frac{1}{1+d+d^{2}+d^{3}} \geqslant 1

Equality in (23) holds if and only if a=b=c=d=1a=b=c=d=1.

Solution

First, prove
11+a+a2+a3+11+b+b2+b311+(ab)3\frac{1}{1+a+a^{2}+a^{3}}+\frac{1}{1+b+b^{2}+b^{3}} \geqslant \frac{1}{1+\sqrt{(a b)^{3}}}

Equation (24) is equivalent to, for x,yR+x, y \in \mathbf{R}^{+}, we have
11+x2+x4+x6+11+y2+y4+y611+x3y3\frac{1}{1+x^{2}+x^{4}+x^{6}}+\frac{1}{1+y^{2}+y^{4}+y^{6}} \geqslant \frac{1}{1+x^{3} y^{3}}

Equation ()(1+y2+y4+y6+1+x2+x4+x6)(1+x3y3)(※) \Leftrightarrow\left(1+y^{2}+y^{4}+y^{6}+1+x^{2}+x^{4}+x^{6}\right)\left(1+x^{3} y^{3}\right) \geqslant (1+y2+y4+y6)(1+x2+x4+x6)\left(1+y^{2}+y^{4}+y^{6}\right)\left(1+x^{2}+x^{4}+x^{6}\right) \Leftrightarrow 1+2x3y3+x3y3(x2+y2)+x3y3(x4+y4)+x3y3(x6+y6)1+2 x^{3} y^{3}+x^{3} y^{3}\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)+x^{3} y^{3}\left(x^{4}+y^{4}\right)+x^{3} y^{3}\left(x^{6}+y^{6}\right) \geqslant x2y2+x4y4+x6y6+x2y2(x2+y2)+x2y2(x4+y4)+x^{2} y^{2}+x^{4} y^{4}+x^{6} y^{6}+x^{2} y^{2}\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)+x^{2} y^{2}\left(x^{4}+y^{4}\right)+ x4y4(x2+y2)x^{4} y^{4}\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right) \Leftrightarrow
(1x2y2x4y4+x6y6)+x3y3[x4+y4xy(x2+y2)]+\left(1-x^{2} y^{2}-x^{4} y^{4}+x^{6} y^{6}\right)+x^{3} y^{3}\left[x^{4}+y^{4}-x y\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)\right]+ x3y3[x6+y62x3y3]x2y2(x2+y22xy)+x^{3} y^{3}\left[x^{6}+y^{6}-2 x^{3} y^{3}\right] \geqslant x^{2} y^{2}\left(x^{2}+y^{2}-2 x y\right)+ x2y2[x4+y4xy(x2+y2)]x^{2} y^{2}\left[x^{4}+y^{4}-x y\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)\right] \Leftrightarrow (1x2y2)2(1+x2y2)+x3y3(xy)2(x2+y2+xy)+\left(1-x^{2} y^{2}\right)^{2}\left(1+x^{2} y^{2}\right)+x^{3} y^{3}(x-y)^{2}\left(x^{2}+y^{2}+x y\right)+ x3y3(xy)2(x2+y2+xy)2x2y2(xy)2+x^{3} y^{3}(x-y)^{2}\left(x^{2}+y^{2}+x y\right)^{2} \geqslant x^{2} y^{2}(x-y)^{2}+ x2y2(xy)2(x2+y2+xy)x^{2} y^{2}(x-y)^{2}\left(x^{2}+y^{2}+x y\right) \Leftrightarrow (1x2y2)2(1+x2y2)+x3y3(xy)2(x2+y2+xy)(x2+y2+xy+1)\left(1-x^{2} y^{2}\right)^{2}\left(1+x^{2} y^{2}\right)+x^{3} y^{3}(x-y)^{2}\left(x^{2}+y^{2}+x y\right)\left(x^{2}+y^{2}+x y+1\right) \geqslant x2y2(xy)2(x2+y2+xy+1)x^{2} y^{2}(x-y)^{2}\left(x^{2}+y^{2}+x y+1\right) \Leftrightarrow (1xy)2(1+xy)2(1+x2y2)x2y2(xy)2(x2+y2+xy+1)(1-x y)^{2}(1+x y)^{2}\left(1+x^{2} y^{2}\right) \geqslant x^{2} y^{2}(x-y)^{2}\left(x^{2}+y^{2}+x y+1\right) [1xy(x2+y2+xy)]\left[1-x y\left(x^{2}+y^{2}+x y\right)\right]
If 1xy(x2+y2+xy)01-x y\left(x^{2}+y^{2}+x y\right) \leqslant 0, then the above inequality clearly holds; if 1xy(x2+y2+xy)1-x y\left(x^{2}+y^{2}+x y\right) \geqslant 0, in this case
 the right side of the above inequality =x2y2(xy)2(x2+y2+xy+1)[1xy(x2+y2+xy)]=12[xy(x2+xy+y2)3x2y2][xy(x2+xy+y2)+xy][22xy(x2+xy+y2)]12(2+xy3x2y23)3=\begin{aligned} \text { the right side of the above inequality }= & x^{2} y^{2}(x-y)^{2}\left(x^{2}+y^{2}+x y+1\right)\left[1-x y\left(x^{2}+y^{2}+x y\right)\right]= \\ & \frac{1}{2}\left[x y\left(x^{2}+x y+y^{2}\right)-3 x^{2} y^{2}\right]\left[x y\left(x^{2}+x y+y^{2}\right)+x y\right] \\ & {\left[2-2 x y\left(x^{2}+x y+y^{2}\right)\right] \leqslant \frac{1}{2} \cdot\left(\frac{2+x y-3 x^{2} y^{2}}{3}\right)^{3}=} \end{aligned}
(Applying the AM-GM inequality)
(1xy)3(2+3xy)354\frac{(1-x y)^{3}(2+3 x y)^{3}}{54}

Therefore, it suffices to prove
(1xy)(2+3xy)354(1+xy)2(1+x2y2)(1-x y)(2+3 x y)^{3} \leqslant 54(1+x y)^{2}\left(1+x^{2} y^{2}\right)

This inequality is easily obtained from the following, i.e.,
54(1+xy)2(1+x2y2)27(1+xy)4=(1+xy)(3+3xy)3>(1xy)(2+3xy)3\begin{aligned} 54(1+x y)^{2}\left(1+x^{2} y^{2}\right) \geqslant & 27(1+x y)^{4}=(1+x y)(3+3 x y)^{3}> \\ & (1-x y)(2+3 x y)^{3} \end{aligned}

Hence, equation (※) holds, and thus equation (24) holds.

Want a route through all this instead of an archive? The track puts 2,000 problems in a working order, from AMC 10 level to the IMO shortlist.

Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.