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Algebra Difficulty 7.2 National olympiad, round 2 Prove it

18. Let the function f:RRf: R \rightarrow R satisfy that for any x1,x2R,t(0,1)x_{1}, x_{2} \in \mathbf{R}, t \in(0,1), we have f(tx1+(1tf\left(t x_{1}+(1-t\right. x2)tf(x1)+(1t)f(x2)\left.x_{2}\right) \leqslant t f\left(x_{1}\right)+(1-t) f\left(x_{2}\right)

Prove: For all real numbers a1,a2,,a2004a_{1}, a_{2}, \cdots, a_{2004}, and a1a2a2003,a2004=a1a_{1} \geqslant a_{2} \geqslant \cdots \geqslant a_{2003}, a_{2004}=a_{1}, we have k=12003f(ak+1)akk=12003f(ak)ak+1\sum_{k=1}^{2003} f\left(a_{k+1}\right) a_{k} \leqslant \sum_{k=1}^{2003} f\left(a_{k}\right) a_{k+1} \cdot (2003 Turkish Mathematical Olympiad Problem)

Solution

18. We prove a stronger general conclusion: If real numbers a1,a2,,an+1a_{1}, a_{2}, \cdots, a_{n+1}, and a1a2an,an+1=a1a_{1} \geqslant a_{2} \geqslant \cdots \geqslant a_{n}, a_{n+1}=a_{1}, then
k=1nf(ak+1)akk=1nf(ak)ak+1\sum_{k=1}^{n} f\left(a_{k+1}\right) a_{k} \leqslant \sum_{k=1}^{n} f\left(a_{k}\right) a_{k+1}

When n=2n=2, the proposition is obviously true (since it is an equality). Assume the proposition holds for n=mn=m. Then for n=m+1n=m+1, for b1b2bm+1,bm+2=b1b_{1} \geqslant b_{2} \geqslant \cdots \geqslant b_{m+1}, b_{m+2}=b_{1}, we have
k=1m+1f(bk+1)bkk=1m+1f(bk)bk+1=k=1m1f(bk+1)bkk=1m1f(bk)bk+1+f(bm+1)bm+f(b1)bm+1f(bm)bm+1f(bm+1)b1=[k=1m1f(bk+1)bk+f(b1)bmk=1m1f(bk)bk+1f(bm)b1]+[(b1bm+1)f(bm)(b1bm)f(bm+1)(bmbm+1)f(b1)]\begin{array}{l} \sum_{k=1}^{m+1} f\left(b_{k+1}\right) b_{k}-\sum_{k=1}^{m+1} f\left(b_{k}\right) b_{k+1}= \\ \sum_{k=1}^{m-1} f\left(b_{k+1}\right) b_{k}-\sum_{k=1}^{m-1} f\left(b_{k}\right) b_{k+1}+f\left(b_{m+1}\right) b_{m}+f\left(b_{1}\right) b_{m+1}-f\left(b_{m}\right) b_{m+1}-f\left(b_{m+1}\right) b_{1}= \\ {\left[\sum_{k=1}^{m-1} f\left(b_{k+1}\right) b_{k}+f\left(b_{1}\right) b_{m}-\sum_{k=1}^{m-1} f\left(b_{k}\right) b_{k+1}-f\left(b_{m}\right) b_{1}\right]+} \\ {\left[\left(b_{1}-b_{m+1}\right) f\left(b_{m}\right)-\left(b_{1}-b_{m}\right) f\left(b_{m+1}\right)-\left(b_{m}-b_{m+1}\right)-f\left(b_{1}\right)\right]} \end{array}

By the assumption, the first polynomial is less than or equal to 0. By the convexity of f(x)f(x), the second polynomial is also less than or equal to 0. Therefore, when n=m+1n=m+1, the proposition holds. In summary, this conclusion is true. When n=2003n=2003, it is the problem at hand.

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Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.