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Geometry Difficulty 8.2 Shortlist Prove it

ALAL is internal bisector of scalene ABC\triangle ABC (LBCL \in BC). KK is chosen on segment ALAL. Point PP lies on the same side with respect to line BCBC as point AA such that BPL=CKL\angle BPL = \angle CKL and CPL=BKL\angle CPL = \angle BKL. MM is midpoint of segment KPKP, and DD is foot of perpendicular from KK on BCBC. Prove that AMD=180ABCACB\angle AMD = 180^\circ - |\angle ABC - \angle ACB|.
Proposed by Mykhailo Shtandenko and Fedir Yudin

Solution

1. Construct Points and Define Angles:
- Let ALAL be the internal bisector of ABC\triangle ABC with LBCL \in BC.
- Choose point KK on segment ALAL.
- Point PP lies on the same side with respect to line BCBC as point AA such that BPL=CKL\angle BPL = \angle CKL and CPL=BKL\angle CPL = \angle BKL.
- Let MM be the midpoint of segment KPKP.
- Let DD be the foot of the perpendicular from KK to BCBC.

2. Construct Similar Triangles:
- Construct points EE and FF such that EBLKLC\triangle EBL \sim \triangle KLC and FCLKLB\triangle FCL \sim \triangle KLB.
- Note that PP is the second intersection of (EBL)(EBL) and (FCL)(FCL).
- Let Q=(EBLP)ABQ = (EBLP) \cap \overline{AB} and R=(FCLP)ACR = (FCLP) \cap \overline{AC}.
- Let NN be the reflection of LL over DD.

3. Apply Miquel Theorem:
- Observe that PP lies on (AQR)(AQR) by Miquel theorem.

4. Prove Collinearity of Points:
- Claim: E,K,P,FE, K, P, F are collinear.
- Proof:
- Collinearity of P,EP, E, and FF comes from the angle chase:
EPL=EBL=KLC=FCL=FPL \measuredangle EPL = \measuredangle EBL = \measuredangle KLC = \measuredangle FCL = \measuredangle FPL
- Collinearity of K,EK, E, and FF comes from the similarity:
KLEB=LCBL=FCKL \frac{KL}{EB} = \frac{LC}{BL} = \frac{FC}{KL}
This implies collinearity along with KLBECFKL \parallel BE \parallel CF (a well-known lemma).

5. Prove Similarity of Triangles:
- Claim: ARKALB\triangle ARK \sim \triangle ALB.
- Proof:
- KK lies on (AQRP)(AQRP) as KPR=FPR=CFR=KAR\measuredangle KPR = \measuredangle FPR = \measuredangle CFR = \measuredangle KAR.
- Since ARL=CRL=CPL=LKB=AKB\measuredangle ARL = \measuredangle CRL = \measuredangle CPL = \measuredangle LKB = \measuredangle AKB and BAK=LAR\measuredangle BAK = \measuredangle LAR, we conclude that ABKALR\triangle ABK \sim \triangle ALR.
- Therefore, AA is the center of spiral similarity sending BK\overline{BK} to LR\overline{LR}, and hence AA is also the center of spiral similarity sending BL\overline{BL} to KR\overline{KR}.

6. Angle Bisector and Similarity:
- APK=ARK=ALB=FCL=FPL=KPL    KP\measuredangle APK = \measuredangle ARK = \measuredangle ALB = \measuredangle FCL = \measuredangle FPL = \measuredangle KPL \implies \overline{KP} bisects APL\angle APL.
- Thus,
APPL=AKKL=AKKN \frac{AP}{PL} = \frac{AK}{KL} = \frac{AK}{KN}
- Additionally, AKN=LKN=2ALB=2APK=APL\measuredangle AKN = \measuredangle LKN = 2\measuredangle ALB = 2\measuredangle APK = \measuredangle APL, hence AKNAPL\triangle AKN \sim \triangle APL.

7. Final Similarity and Angle Calculation:
- By the gliding principle, as M,DM, D are the midpoints of KP,NL\overline{KP}, \overline{NL} respectively, AKNAPLAMD\triangle AKN \sim \triangle APL \sim \triangle AMD.
- Finally,
AMD=APL=2ALB=ACB+ABC \measuredangle AMD = \measuredangle APL = 2\measuredangle ALB = \measuredangle ACB + \measuredangle ABC

Therefore, we have proven that AMD=180ABCACB\angle AMD = 180^\circ - |\angle ABC - \angle ACB|.

\blacksquare

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Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.