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Algebra Difficulty 6.7 National olympiad Find the answer

25 Let n2n \geqslant 2, find the maximum and minimum value of the product x1x2xnx_{1} x_{2} \cdots x_{n} under the conditions xi1n(i=1,2,,n)x_{i} \geqslant \frac{1}{n}(i=1,2, \cdots, n) and x12+x22++xn2=1x_{1}^{2}+x_{2}^{2}+\cdots+x_{n}^{2}=1.

A number or a short expression. Fractions can be typed as 3/2, and spacing doesn't matter.

Solution

25. First, find the maximum value. By the AM-GM inequality, we have x12x22xn2nx12+x22++xn2n=1n\sqrt[n]{x_{1}^{2} x_{2}^{2} \cdots x_{n}^{2}} \leqslant \frac{x_{1}^{2}+x_{2}^{2}+\cdots+x_{n}^{2}}{n}=\frac{1}{n}. The equality holds when x1=x2==xn=1n>1n(n2)x_{1}=x_{2}=\cdots=x_{n}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}>\frac{1}{n}(n \geqslant 2). Therefore, the maximum value is nn2n^{-\frac{n}{2}}. Next, find the minimum value. Let y1=x1,,yn2=xn2,yn1=xn12+xn21n2,yn=1ny_{1}=x_{1}, \cdots, y_{n-2}=x_{n-2}, y_{n-1}=\sqrt{x_{n-1}^{2}+x_{n}^{2}-\frac{1}{n^{2}}}, y_{n}=\frac{1}{n}, then yi1n,i=1,2,,ny_{i} \geqslant \frac{1}{n}, i=1,2, \cdots, n, and y12++yn2=x12++xn2=1y_{1}^{2}+\cdots+y_{n}^{2}=x_{1}^{2}+\cdots+x_{n}^{2}=1. Since yn12yn2xn12xn2=(xn121n2)(xn21n2)0y_{n-1}^{2} y_{n}^{2}-x_{n-1}^{2} x_{n}^{2}=-\left(x_{n-1}^{2}-\frac{1}{n^{2}}\right)\left(x_{n}^{2}-\frac{1}{n^{2}}\right) \leqslant 0, we have y1y2yn2yn1ynx1x2xn2xn1xny_{1} y_{2} \cdots y_{n-2} y_{n-1} y_{n} \leqslant x_{1} x_{2} \cdots x_{n-2} x_{n-1} x_{n}. Repeating this process n1n-1 times, we get x1x2xn(1n)n11n1n2=n2n+1nnx_{1} x_{2} \cdots x_{n} \geqslant\left(\frac{1}{n}\right)^{n-1} \sqrt{1-\frac{n-1}{n^{2}}}=\frac{\sqrt{n^{2}-n+1}}{n^{n}}. The equality holds when x1==xn1=1nx_{1}=\cdots=x_{n-1}=\frac{1}{n}, xn=n2n+1nx_{n}=\frac{\sqrt{n^{2}-n+1}}{n}. Therefore, the minimum value is n2n+1nn\frac{\sqrt{n^{2}-n+1}}{n^{n}}.

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Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.