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Number theory Difficulty 7.4 National olympiad, round 2 Find the answer

Find all positive integers mm for which 2001S(m)=m2001\cdot S (m) = m where S(m)S(m) denotes the sum of the digits of mm.

A number or a short expression. Spacing and $ signs are ignored.

Solution

To solve the problem, we need to find all positive integers m m such that 2001S(m)=m 2001 \cdot S(m) = m , where S(m) S(m) denotes the sum of the digits of m m .

1. **Express m m in terms of k k :**
Let m=2001k m = 2001k . Then, the equation becomes:
2001S(2001k)=2001k 2001 \cdot S(2001k) = 2001k
Dividing both sides by 2001, we get:
S(2001k)=k S(2001k) = k

2. **Estimate the upper bound for k k :**
The sum of the digits of 2001k 2001k is at most 9×(number of digits in 2001k) 9 \times (\text{number of digits in } 2001k) . The number of digits in 2001k 2001k is approximately log10(2001k)+1 \lfloor \log_{10}(2001k) \rfloor + 1 .

Since 2001 2001 has 4 digits, 2001k 2001k will have at most log10(2001)+log10(k)+1 \lfloor \log_{10}(2001) + \log_{10}(k) \rfloor + 1 digits. For simplicity, we can approximate:
log10(2001)3.301andlog10(k)log10(50)1.699 \log_{10}(2001) \approx 3.301 \quad \text{and} \quad \log_{10}(k) \leq \log_{10}(50) \approx 1.699
Thus, the number of digits in 2001k 2001k is at most:
3.301+1.699+1=5 \lfloor 3.301 + 1.699 \rfloor + 1 = 5
Therefore, the sum of the digits S(2001k) S(2001k) is at most:
9×5=45 9 \times 5 = 45
Hence, k45 k \leq 45 .

3. **Check values of k k :**
We need to check values of k k from 1 to 45 to see if S(2001k)=k S(2001k) = k .

- For k=1 k = 1 :
m=2001×1=2001andS(2001)=2+0+0+1=31 m = 2001 \times 1 = 2001 \quad \text{and} \quad S(2001) = 2 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 3 \neq 1
- For k=2 k = 2 :
m=2001×2=4002andS(4002)=4+0+0+2=62 m = 2001 \times 2 = 4002 \quad \text{and} \quad S(4002) = 4 + 0 + 0 + 2 = 6 \neq 2
- For k=3 k = 3 :
m=2001×3=6003andS(6003)=6+0+0+3=93 m = 2001 \times 3 = 6003 \quad \text{and} \quad S(6003) = 6 + 0 + 0 + 3 = 9 \neq 3
- For k=4 k = 4 :
m=2001×4=8004andS(8004)=8+0+0+4=124 m = 2001 \times 4 = 8004 \quad \text{and} \quad S(8004) = 8 + 0 + 0 + 4 = 12 \neq 4
- For k=5 k = 5 :
m=2001×5=10005andS(10005)=1+0+0+0+5=65 m = 2001 \times 5 = 10005 \quad \text{and} \quad S(10005) = 1 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 5 = 6 \neq 5
- For k=6 k = 6 :
m=2001×6=12006andS(12006)=1+2+0+0+6=96 m = 2001 \times 6 = 12006 \quad \text{and} \quad S(12006) = 1 + 2 + 0 + 0 + 6 = 9 \neq 6
- For k=7 k = 7 :
m=2001×7=14007andS(14007)=1+4+0+0+7=127 m = 2001 \times 7 = 14007 \quad \text{and} \quad S(14007) = 1 + 4 + 0 + 0 + 7 = 12 \neq 7
- For k=8 k = 8 :
m=2001×8=16008andS(16008)=1+6+0+0+8=158 m = 2001 \times 8 = 16008 \quad \text{and} \quad S(16008) = 1 + 6 + 0 + 0 + 8 = 15 \neq 8
- For k=9 k = 9 :
m=2001×9=18009andS(18009)=1+8+0+0+9=189 m = 2001 \times 9 = 18009 \quad \text{and} \quad S(18009) = 1 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 9 = 18 \neq 9
- For k=10 k = 10 :
m=2001×10=20010andS(20010)=2+0+0+1+0=310 m = 2001 \times 10 = 20010 \quad \text{and} \quad S(20010) = 2 + 0 + 0 + 1 + 0 = 3 \neq 10
- For k=11 k = 11 :
m=2001×11=22011andS(22011)=2+2+0+1+1=611 m = 2001 \times 11 = 22011 \quad \text{and} \quad S(22011) = 2 + 2 + 0 + 1 + 1 = 6 \neq 11
- For k=12 k = 12 :
m=2001×12=24012andS(24012)=2+4+0+1+2=912 m = 2001 \times 12 = 24012 \quad \text{and} \quad S(24012) = 2 + 4 + 0 + 1 + 2 = 9 \neq 12
- For k=13 k = 13 :
m=2001×13=26013andS(26013)=2+6+0+1+3=1213 m = 2001 \times 13 = 26013 \quad \text{and} \quad S(26013) = 2 + 6 + 0 + 1 + 3 = 12 \neq 13
- For k=14 k = 14 :
m=2001×14=28014andS(28014)=2+8+0+1+4=1514 m = 2001 \times 14 = 28014 \quad \text{and} \quad S(28014) = 2 + 8 + 0 + 1 + 4 = 15 \neq 14
- For k=15 k = 15 :
m=2001×15=30015andS(30015)=3+0+0+1+5=915 m = 2001 \times 15 = 30015 \quad \text{and} \quad S(30015) = 3 + 0 + 0 + 1 + 5 = 9 \neq 15
- For k=16 k = 16 :
m=2001×16=32016andS(32016)=3+2+0+1+6=1216 m = 2001 \times 16 = 32016 \quad \text{and} \quad S(32016) = 3 + 2 + 0 + 1 + 6 = 12 \neq 16
- For k=17 k = 17 :
m=2001×17=34017andS(34017)=3+4+0+1+7=1517 m = 2001 \times 17 = 34017 \quad \text{and} \quad S(34017) = 3 + 4 + 0 + 1 + 7 = 15 \neq 17
- For k=18 k = 18 :
m=2001×18=36018andS(36018)=3+6+0+1+8=18=18 m = 2001 \times 18 = 36018 \quad \text{and} \quad S(36018) = 3 + 6 + 0 + 1 + 8 = 18 = 18

Therefore, k=18 k = 18 is a solution.

4. Verify if there are any other solutions:
We have checked all values of k k from 1 to 45, and only k=18 k = 18 satisfies the condition S(2001k)=k S(2001k) = k .

The final answer is 36018 \boxed{36018} .

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Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.