Maths Olympiad Prep

Library / /430 of 520

Combinatorics Difficulty 7.4 National olympiad, round 2 Prove it

There is a city with many houses, where the houses are connected by some two-way roads. It is known that for any two houses A,BA,B, there is exactly one house CC such that both A,BA,B are connected to CC. Show that for any two houses not connected directly by a road, they have the same number of roads adjacent to them.

[i]ST[/i]

Solution

1. Graph Theoretic Interpretation: Consider the city as a graph G G where houses are vertices and roads are edges. Let A A and B B be any two vertices (houses) in G G . According to the problem, for any two vertices A A and B B , there exists exactly one vertex C C such that both A A and B B are connected to C C .

2. Adjacency and Subgraph: Let A A be a vertex in G G and let B1,B2,,Bk B_1, B_2, \ldots, B_k be the vertices adjacent to A A . The subgraph induced by the vertices B1,B2,,Bk B_1, B_2, \ldots, B_k consists of k2\frac{k}{2} disjoint edges. This is because if we pick any vertex X X in B B , there must be a vertex Y Y in B B such that XY XY is an edge. No other vertex in B B can be connected to X X or Y Y without contradicting the uniqueness condition.

3. **Vertices Not in A A or B B **: Consider any other vertex T T in the graph that is not in A A or B B . By the problem's condition, T T must be connected to exactly one vertex in B B . This is because if T T were connected to more than one vertex in B B , it would contradict the uniqueness condition.

4. Sets of Adjacent Vertices: We can partition the vertices into sets S1,S2,,Sk S_1, S_2, \ldots, S_k such that a vertex X X is in Si S_i if and only if X X is connected to Bi B_i . Without loss of generality, assume B1 B_1 is connected to B2 B_2 , B3 B_3 is connected to B4 B_4 , and so on.

5. Degree Calculation: Pick a vertex Q Q in B1 B_1 . For each i>2 i > 2 , Q Q must be connected to a vertex in Bi B_i . This is because the only vertices connected to Bi B_i are in Si S_i . Therefore, Q Q has at least degree k k , as it is connected to B1 B_1 , another vertex in S1 S_1 , and there are k2 k-2 sets Si>2 S_{i>2} .

6. Equality of Degrees: Given any two vertices A A and B B not connected to each other, we have deg(A)deg(B) \deg(A) \geq \deg(B) and deg(B)deg(A) \deg(B) \geq \deg(A) . This implies deg(A)=deg(B) \deg(A) = \deg(B) .

\blacksquare

Want a route through all this instead of an archive? The track puts 2,000 problems in a working order, from AMC 10 level to the IMO shortlist.

Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.