AlgebraDifficulty 7.3National olympiad, round 2Prove it
Example 6 Let x1,x2,⋯,xn all be positive numbers (n⩾2), and ∑i=1nxi=1, prove that: ∑i=1n1−xixi⩾n−1∑i=1nxi. (4th CMO Problem)
Solution
Prove that the function f(x)=1−xx(0<x<1) is a convex function. For t1,t2>1, and xi=1−ti21(i=1,2). Since 21(t1+t2)⩾t1t2,t12+t22⩾2t1t2
Thus, 21(t1+t2)⩾t12+t222t1t2, which means 21(1−x11+1−x21)⩾1−21(x1+x2)1. Also, (x1−x2)(1−x11−1−x21)⩾0, hence, 1−x1x1+1−x2x2⩾21(1−x11+1−x21)(x1+x2),
Using (1), from (2) we get 21(1−x1x1+1−x2x2)⩾1−21(x1+x2)21(x1+x2)
Equality holds if and only if x1=x2. This shows that the function f(x)=1−xx(0<x<1) is a convex function. Since f(x)=x(x>0) is also a convex function, we have n1(x1+x2+⋯+xn)⩽nx1+x2+⋯+xn=nn.
From (3) and (4), we obtain the desired inequality.
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