Consider a regular $n$-gon with radius $r$. Let $x$ be the side length of the $n$-gon. So, since the central angle is $\frac{2 \pi}{n}$ (see diagram below), use the Law of Cosines to find that $x^{2}=r^{2}+r^{2}-2 r * r \cos \frac{2 \pi}{n}$, so $x^{2}=2 r^{2}\left(1-\cos \frac{2 \pi}{n}\right)$. Thus, $x=r \sqrt{2} \sqrt{1-\cos \frac{2 \pi}{n}}$. So, the total perimeter of the $n$-gon is $n x=n r \sqrt{2} \sqrt{1-\cos \frac{2 \pi}{n}}$. Now, if we take \lim _{n \rightarrow \infty}$of the perimeter, the result will be$2 \pi n$, since the$n$-gon approaches a cirle, so$\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty} n r \sqrt{2} \sqrt{1-\cos \frac{2 \pi}{n}}=2 \pi r$, and so$\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty} \boldsymbol{n} \boldsymbol{r} \sqrt{\mathbf{1 - \operatorname { c o s } \frac { 2 \pi } { n }}}=\pi r \sqrt{2}$.