Note: This solution is kind of rough. I didn't want to put my 7-page solution all over again. It would be nice if someone could edit in the details of the expansions.
Lemma 1: $f(0) = 0$ .
Proof: Assume the opposite for a contradiction. Plug in $x = 2f(0)$ (because we assumed that $f(0) \neq 0$ ), $y = 0$ . What you get eventually reduces to: $$4f(0)-2 = \left( \frac{f(2f(0))}{f(0)} \right)^2$$ which is a contradiction since the LHS is divisible by 2 but not 4.
Then plug in $y = 0$ into the original equation and simplify by Lemma 1. We get: $$x^2f(-x) = f(x)^2$$ Then:
$$\begin{align*} x^6f(x) &= x^4\bigl(x^2f(x)\bigr)\\ &= x^4\bigl((-x)^2f(-(-x))\bigr)\\ &= x^4(-x)^2f(-(-x))\\ &= x^4f(-x)^2\\ &= f(x)^4 \end{align*}$$
Therefore, $f(x)$ must be 0 or $x^2$ .
Now either $f(x)$ is $x^2$ for all $x$ or there exists $a \neq 0$ such that $f(a)=0$ . The first case gives a valid solution. In the second case, we let $y = a$ in the original equation and simplify to get: $$xf(-x) + a^2f(2x) = \frac{f(x)^2}{x}$$ But we know that $xf(-x) = \frac{f(x)^2}{x}$ , so: $$a^2f(2x) = 0$$ Since $a$ is not 0, $f(2x)$ is 0 for all $x$ (including 0). Now either $f(x)$ is 0 for all $x$ , or there exists some $m \neq 0$ such that $f(m) = m^2$ . Then $m$ must be odd. We can let $x = 2k$ in the original equation, and since $f(2x)$ is 0 for all $x$ , stuff cancels and we get: $$y^2f(4k - f(y)) = f(yf(y))$$ for . Now, let $y = m$ and we get: $$m^2f(4k - m^2) = f(m^3)$$ Now, either both sides are 0 or both are equal to $m^6$ . If both are $m^6$ then: $$m^2(4k - m^2)^2 = m^6$$ which simplifies to: $$4k - m^2 = \pm m^2$$ Since $k \neq 0$ and $m$ is odd, both cases are impossible, so we must have: $$m^2f(4k - m^2) = f(m^3) = 0$$ Then we can let $k$ be anything except 0, and get $f(x)$ is 0 for all $x \equiv 3 \pmod{4}$ except $-m^2$ . Also since $x^2f(-x) = f(x)^2$ , we have $f(x) = 0 \Rightarrow f(-x) = 0$ , so $f(x)$ is 0 for all $x \equiv 1 \pmod{4}$ except $m^2$ . So $f(x)$ is 0 for all $x$ except $\pm m^2$ . Since $f(m) \neq 0$ , $m = \pm m^2$ . Squaring, $m^2 = m^4$ and dividing by $m$ , $m = m^3$ . Since $f(m^3) = 0$ , $f(m) = 0$ , which is a contradiction for $m \neq 1$ . However, if we plug in $x = 1$ with $f(1) = 1$ and $y$ as an arbitrary large number with $f(y) = 0$ into the original equation, we get $0 = 1$ which is a clear contradiction, so our only solutions are $f(x) = 0$ and $f(x) = x^2$ .