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Algebra Difficulty 3.2 AMC 10/12 Find the answer

If nn is a positive integer, the notation nn! (read " nn factorial") is used to represent the product of the integers from 1 to nn. That is, n!=n(n1)(n2)(3)(2)(1)n!=n(n-1)(n-2) \cdots(3)(2)(1). For example, 4!=4(3)(2)(1)=244!=4(3)(2)(1)=24 and 1!=11!=1. If aa and bb are positive integers with b>ab>a, what is the ones (units) digit of b!ab!-a! that cannot be?

A number or a short expression. Spacing and $ signs are ignored.

Solution

The first few values of nn! are

\begin{aligned}
& 1!=1 \\
& 2!=2(1)=2 \\
& 3!=3(2)(1)=6 \\
& 4!=4(3)(2)(1)=24 \\
& 5!=5(4)(3)(2)(1)=120
\end{aligned}

We note that

\begin{aligned}
& 2!-1!=1 \\
& 4!-1!=23 \\
& 3!-1!=5 \\
& 5!-1!=119
\end{aligned}

This means that if aa and bb are positive integers with b>ab>a, then 1,3,5,91,3,5,9 are all possible ones (units) digits of b!a!b!-a!. This means that the only possible answer is choice (D), or 7. To be complete, we explain why 7 cannot be the ones (units) digit of b!a!b!-a!. For b!a!b!-a! to be odd, one of b!b! and a!a! is even and one of them is odd. The only odd factorial is 1!, since every other factorial has a factor of 2. Since b>ab>a, then if one of aa and bb is 1, we must have a=1a=1. For the ones (units) digit of b!1b!-1 to be 7, the ones (units) digit of bb! must be 8. This is impossible as the first few factorials are shown above and every greater factorial has a ones (units) digit of 0, because it is a multiple of both 2 and 5.

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