If is a positive integer, the notation ! (read " factorial") is used to represent the product of the integers from 1 to . That is, . For example, and . If and are positive integers with , what is the ones (units) digit of ! that cannot be?
Solution
The first few values of ! are
\begin{aligned}
& 1!=1 \\
& 2!=2(1)=2 \\
& 3!=3(2)(1)=6 \\
& 4!=4(3)(2)(1)=24 \\
& 5!=5(4)(3)(2)(1)=120
\end{aligned}
We note that
\begin{aligned}
& 2!-1!=1 \\
& 4!-1!=23 \\
& 3!-1!=5 \\
& 5!-1!=119
\end{aligned}
This means that if and are positive integers with , then are all possible ones (units) digits of . This means that the only possible answer is choice (D), or 7. To be complete, we explain why 7 cannot be the ones (units) digit of . For to be odd, one of and is even and one of them is odd. The only odd factorial is 1!, since every other factorial has a factor of 2. Since , then if one of and is 1, we must have . For the ones (units) digit of to be 7, the ones (units) digit of ! must be 8. This is impossible as the first few factorials are shown above and every greater factorial has a ones (units) digit of 0, because it is a multiple of both 2 and 5.