Maths Olympiad Prep

Library / /14 of 48

Geometry Difficulty 7.1 National olympiad, round 2 Find the answer

A collection of nn squares on the plane is called tri-connected if the following criteria are satisfied: (i) All the squares are congruent. (ii) If two squares have a point PP in common, then PP is a vertex of each of the squares. (iii) Each square touches exactly three other squares. How many positive integers nn are there with 2018n30182018 \leq n \leq 3018, such that there exists a collection of nn squares that is tri-connected?

A number or a short expression. Fractions can be typed as 3/2, and spacing doesn't matter.

Solution

We will prove that there is no tri-connected collection if nn is odd, and that tri-connected collections exist for all even n38n \geq 38. Since there are 501 even numbers in the range from 2018 to 3018, this yields 501 as the answer. For any two different squares AA and BB, let us write ABA \sim B to mean that square AA touches square BB. Since each square touches exactly three other squares, and there are nn squares in total, the total number of instances of ABA \sim B is 3n3 n. But ABA \sim B if and only if BAB \sim A. Hence the total number of instances of ABA \sim B is even. Thus 3n3 n and hence also nn is even. We now construct tri-connected collections for each even nn in the range. We show two constructions. Construction 1: The idea is to use the following two configurations. Observe that in each configuration every square is related to three squares except for the leftmost and rightmost squares which are related to two squares. Note that the configuration on the left is of variable length. Also observe that multiple copies of the configuration on the right can be chained together to end around corners. Putting the above two types of configurations together as in the following figure yields a tri-connected collection for every even n38n \geq 38. Construction 2: Consider a regular 4n4 n-gon A1A2A4nA_{1} A_{2} \cdots A_{4 n}, and make 4n4 n squares on the outside of the 4n4 n-gon with one side being on the 4n4 n-gon. Reflect squares sharing sides A4m+2A4m+3,A4m+3A4m+4A_{4 m+2} A_{4 m+3}, A_{4 m+3} A_{4 m+4} across line A4m+2A4m+4A_{4 m+2} A_{4 m+4}, for 0mn10 \leq m \leq n-1. This will produce a tri-connected set of 6n6 n squares, as long as the squares inside the 4n4 n-gon do not intersect. When n4n \geq 4, this will be true. To treat the other cases, consider the following gadget: Two squares touch 3 other squares, and the squares containing X,YX, Y touch 2 other squares. Take the 4n4 n-gon from above, and break it into two along the line A1A2nA_{1} A_{2 n}, moving the two parts away from that line. Do so until the gaps can be exactly filled by inserting two copies of the above figure, so that the vertices X,YX, Y touch the two vertices which used to be A1A_{1} in one instance, and the two vertices which used to be A2nA_{2 n} in the other. This gives us a valid configuration for 6n+86 n+8 squares, n4n \geq 4. Finally, if we had instead spread the two parts out more and inserted two copies of the above figure into each gap, we would get 6n+166 n+16 for n4n \geq 4, which finishes the proof for all even numbers at least 36.

Want a route through all this instead of an archive? The track puts 2,000 problems in a working order, from AMC 10 level to the IMO shortlist.

Source: Omni-MATH, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.