Maths Olympiad Prep

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Number theory Difficulty 5.1 AIME, harder Find the answer

What is the last digit of 11+22+33++1001001^{1}+2^{2}+3^{3}+\cdots+100^{100}?

A number or a short expression. Fractions can be typed as 3/2, and spacing doesn't matter.

Solution

Let L(d,n)L(d, n) be the last digit of a number ending in dd to the nnth power. For n1n \geq 1, we know that L(0,n)=0,L(1,n)=1,L(5,n)=5,L(6,n)=6L(0, n)=0, L(1, n)=1, L(5, n)=5, L(6, n)=6. All numbers ending in odd digits in this series are raised to odd powers; for odd n,L(3,n)=3n, L(3, n)=3 or 7, L(7,n)=3L(7, n)=3 or 7,L(9,n)=97, L(9, n)=9. All numbers ending in even digits are raised to even powers; for even n,L(2,n)=4n, L(2, n)=4 or 6,L(4,n)=L(6,n)=6,L(8,n)=66, L(4, n)=L(6, n)=6, L(8, n)=6 or 4. Further, for each last digit that has two possible values, the possible values will be present equally as often. Now define S(d)S(d) such that S(0)=0S(0)=0 and for 1d9,S(d)=L(d,d)+L(d,d+10)+L(d,d+20)+L(d,d+30)++L(d,d+90)1 \leq d \leq 9, S(d)=L(d, d)+L(d, d+10)+L(d, d+20)+L(d, d+30)+\cdots+L(d, d+90), so that the sum we want to calculate becomes S(0)+S(1)+S(2)++S(9)S(0)+S(1)+S(2)+\cdots+S(9). But by the above calculations all S(d)S(d) are divisible by 10, so their sum is divisible by 10, which means its last digit is 0.

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Source: Omni-MATH, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic and difficulty added by this site.