We will show that a dissection satisfying the requirements of the problem is possible if and only if $k\neq 1$ .
We first show by contradiction that such a dissection is not possible when $k = 1$ . Assume that we have such a dissection. The common boundary of the two dissecting polygons must be a single broken line connecting two points on the boundary of the square (otherwise either the square is subdivided in more than two pieces or one of the polygons is inside the other). The two dissecting polygons must have the same number of vertices. They share all the vertices on the common boundary, so they have to use the same number of corners of the square as their own vertices. Therefore, the common boundary must connect two opposite sides of the square (otherwise one of the polygons will contain at least three corners of the square, while the other at most two). However, this means that each of the dissecting polygons must use an entire side of the square as one of its sides, and thus each polygon has a side of length 1. A side of longest length in one of the polygons is either a side on the common boundary or, if all those sides have length less than 1, it is a side of the square. But this is also true of the polygon, which means that the longest side length in the two polygons is the same. This is impossible since they are similar but not congruent, so we have a contradiction.
We now construct a dissection satisfying the requirements of the problem when $k\neq 1$ . Notice that we may assume that $k > 1$ , because a $1\times k$ rectangle is similar to a $1\times\frac{1}{k}$ rectangle.
We first construct a dissection of an appropriate chosen rectangle (denoted by $ABCD$ below) into two similar noncongruent polygons. The construct depends on two parameters ( $n$ and $r$ below). By appropriate choice of these parameters we show that the constructed rectangle can be made similar to a $1\times k$ rectangle, for any $k > 1$ . The construction follows.
Let $r > 1$ be a real number. For any positive integer $n$ , consider the following sequence of $2n + 2$ points: $$A_0 = (0,0), A_1 = (1,0), A_2 = (1,r), A_3 = (1 + r^2, r), \\ A_4 = (1 + r^2, r + r^3), A_5 = (1 + r^2 + r^4, r + r^3),$$ and so on, until $$A_{2n+1} = (1 + r^2 + r^4 + \cdots + r^{2n}, r + r^3 + r^5 + \cdots + r^{2n - 1}).$$ Define a rectangle $ABCD$ by $$A = A_0, B = (1 + r^2 + \cdots + r^{2n}, 0), C = A_{2n + 1}, \text{ and }D = (0, r + r^3 + \cdots + r^{2n - 1}).$$ The sides of the $(2n+2)$ -gon $A_1A_2\ldots A_{2n+1}B$ have lengths $$r, r^2, r^3, \ldots, r^{2n}, r + r^3 + r^5 + \cdots + r^{2n-1}, r^2 + r^4 + r^6 + \cdots + r^{2n},$$ and the sides of the $(2n+2)$ -gon $A_0A_1A_2\ldots A_{2n}D$ have lengths $$1, r, r^2, \ldots, r^{2n-1}, 1 + r^2 + r^4 + \cdots + r^{2n-2}, r + r^3 + r^5 + \cdots + r^{2n-1},$$ respectively. These two polygons dissect the rectangle $ABCD$ and, apart from orientation, it is clear that they are similar but noncongruent, with coefficient of similarity $r > 1$ . The rectangle $ABCD$ and its dissection are thus constructed.
The rectangle $ABCD$ is similar to a rectangle of size $1\times f_n(r)$ , where $$f_n(r) = \frac{1 + r^2 + \cdots + r^{2n}}{r + r^3 + \cdots + r^{2n-1}}.$$ It remains to show that $f_n(r)$ can have any value $k > 1$ for appropriate choices of $n$ and $r$ . Choose $n$ sufficiently large so that $1 + \frac{1}{n} < k$ . Since $$f_n(1) = 1 + \frac{1}{n} < k < k\frac{1 + k^2 + \cdots + k^{2n}}{k^2 + k^4 + \cdots + k^{2n}} = f_n(k)$$ and $f_n(r)$ is a continuous function for positive $r$ , there exists an $r$ such that $1 < r < k$ and $f_n(r) = k$ , so we are done.
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