Maths Olympiad Prep

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Problem 2022

National Olympiad, first round
Geometry Difficulty 6.9 Prove it Ukrainian National Mathematical Olympiad · Ukraine

Points BB and CC are chosen on the circle with diameter ADAD in such a way that AB=ACAB = AC. Point PP is an arbitrary point of the segment BCBC, and points MM and NN are chosen on the segments ABAB and ACAC respectively in such a way that PMANPMAN is a parallelogram. Let PLPL be a bisector in triangle MPNMPN. Line PDPD intersects MNMN in point QQ. Prove that points BB, QQ, LL, and CC are cyclic.

(Mykhaylo Plotnikov, Danylo Khilko)

This one wants a proof. Work it on paper, then read the official solution and mark yourself. Be honest about it: the record is only any use to you if it is.

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Official solution

First, we are going to prove that ∠BDP=∠AMN\angle BDP = \angle AMN and ∠PDC=ANM\angle PDC = ANM. Indeed, MP∥ACMP \parallel AC, NP∥ABNP \parallel AB, because PMANPMAN is a parallelogram (fig. 38). Then ∠MPB=∠ABC=∠ACB=∠NPC\angle MPB = \angle ABC = \angle ACB = \angle NPC, meaning that △BMP∼△PNC\triangle BMP \sim \triangle PNC. We also note that BCBC is a bisector of interior angle △MPN\triangle MPN. Then BPPC=MPNC\frac{BP}{PC} = \frac{MP}{NC}. Using MP=ANMP = AN one gets NC=NP=AM⋅PBPC=ANAMNC = NP = AM \cdot \frac{PB}{PC} = \frac{AN}{AM}.

Notice that △BDC\triangle BDC is isosceles, and ∠CBD=∠BCD\angle CBD = \angle BCD. By cosine law for triangles BPDBPD and CPDCPD:
BPsin⁡∠BDP=PDsin⁡∠CBD=PDsin⁡∠BCD=PCsin⁡∠PDC. \frac{BP}{\sin \angle BDP} = \frac{PD}{\sin \angle CBD} = \frac{PD}{\sin \angle BCD} = \frac{PC}{\sin \angle PDC}.
From here it follows that sin⁡∠PDCsin⁡∠BDP=PCBP\frac{\sin \angle PDC}{\sin \angle BDP} = \frac{PC}{BP} and sin⁡∠PDCsin⁡∠BDP=AMAN\frac{\sin \angle PDC}{\sin \angle BDP} = \frac{AM}{AN}. By sine law for △AMN\triangle AMN
we have sin⁡∠ANMsin⁡∠AMN=AMAN\frac{\sin \angle ANM}{\sin \angle AMN} = \frac{AM}{AN}. Finally we get sin⁡∠PDCsin⁡∠BDP=sin⁡∠ANMsin⁡∠AMN\frac{\sin \angle PDC}{\sin \angle BDP} = \frac{\sin \angle ANM}{\sin \angle AMN}.

Noticing
∠PDC+∠BDP=∠BDC=180∘−∠MAN=∠MNA+∠AMN \angle PDC + \angle BDP = \angle BDC = 180^\circ - \angle MAN = \angle MNA + \angle AMN
yields ∠PDC=∠MNA\angle PDC = \angle MNA and ∠PDB=∠AMN\angle PDB = \angle AMN.

Going further, ∠QMD=∠AMN=∠QDB\angle QMD = \angle AMN = \angle QDB, hence MQBDMQBD is cyclic. Considering triangle CPDCPD and PLMPLM gives
∠CDP=∠NMP=∠ANM,∠LPM=90∘−∠MPB=90∘−∠ACB=∠PCD, \angle CDP = \angle NMP = \angle ANM, \quad \angle LPM = 90^\circ - \angle MPB = 90^\circ - \angle ACB = \angle PCD,
meaning that △CPD∼△PLM\triangle CPD \sim \triangle PLM.

Therefore CPLP=CDMP\frac{CP}{LP} = \frac{CD}{MP}. Using MP=MBMP = MB and CD=DBCD = DB, one gets CPLP=BDMB\frac{CP}{LP} = \frac{BD}{MB}.

Considering triangles LPCLPC and MBDMBD gives ∠MBD=∠LPC=90∘\angle MBD = \angle LPC = 90^\circ, implying (together with the previous equality) △LPC∼△MBD\triangle LPC \sim \triangle MBD.

Finally,
∠LPC=∠MDB=180∘−∠BQM\angle LPC = \angle MDB = 180^\circ - \angle BQM, meaning that ∠BQL+∠LCB=180∘\angle BQL + \angle LCB = 180^\circ, i.e. that the quadrilateral BQLCBQLC is cyclic.

Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty, ordering) added by this project.