Maths Olympiad Prep

Track / Stage 6 / 121 of 400 #1121 of 1964

Problem 1121

National olympiad, first round
Geometry Difficulty 6.1 Prove it

Four. (50 points) Given that AA and BB are two points on a horizontal line ll with a distance of a positive integer, and LL is any broken line with AA and BB as endpoints. If points CC and DD are on the broken line LL, and CDABC D \parallel A B, then CDC D is called a horizontal chord of the broken line LL. Prove: For any positive integer nn, there must be a horizontal chord of length 1n\frac{1}{n} on the broken line LL.

This one wants a proof. Work it on paper, then read the official solution and mark yourself. Be honest about it: the record is only any use to you if it is.

Official solution

Lemma: For any broken line LL with AA and BB as its two endpoints, if there are neither horizontal chords of length aa nor horizontal chords of length bb, then there are also no horizontal chords of length a+ba+b.

Proof: Suppose there is a chord PQPQ of length aa on the broken line [AB][A B]. If we translate the broken line [AB][A B] to the right by a distance of aa, we obtain the broken line [A1B1]\left[A_{1} B_{1}\right]. Then, the two broken lines intersect; otherwise, they do not intersect.

Translate the broken line [AB][A B] to the right by a distance of aa to get the broken line [A1B1]\left[A_{1} B_{1}\right], and then translate it to the right by a distance of bb to get the broken line [A2B2]\left[A_{2} B_{2}\right]. The broken line [A1B1]\left[A_{1} B_{1}\right] will not intersect with the broken line [AB][A B], and the broken line [A1B1]\left[A_{1} B_{1}\right] will not intersect with [A2B2]\left[A_{2} B_{2}\right]. Thus, [AB][A B] and [A2B2]\left[A_{2} B_{2}\right] are on opposite sides of the broken line [A1B1]\left[A_{1} B_{1}\right]. Therefore, they will not intersect.
Hence, there are no horizontal chords of length a+ba+b.
The lemma is proved.

According to the lemma, if the broken line [AB][A B] has no horizontal chords of length 1n\frac{1}{n}, then it has no horizontal chords of length 1n+1n=2n\frac{1}{n} + \frac{1}{n} = \frac{2}{n}, and no horizontal chords of length 1n+2n=3n\frac{1}{n} + \frac{2}{n} = \frac{3}{n}, and so on, no horizontal chords of length 1n+n1n=1\frac{1}{n} + \frac{n-1}{n} = 1. Thus, for any positive integer kk, similarly, there are no horizontal chords of length kk. Since [AB][A B] has no horizontal chords of any positive integer length, but the segment ABA B itself is a chord of positive integer length, this is a contradiction.
Therefore, the original problem is proved.

Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic, difficulty and ordering added by this site.