Olympiad Maths Prep

Track / Stage 6 / 397 of 400 #1397 of 2000

Problem 1397

National olympiad, first round
Algebra Difficulty 7.0 Find the answer

The sequence a1,a2,,a13a_1,a_2,\dots,a_{13} is a geometric sequence with a1=aa_1=a and common ratio rr, where aa and rr are positive integers. Given that
log2015a1+log2015a2++log2015a13=2015,\log_{2015}a_1+\log_{2015}a_2+\dots+\log_{2015}a_{13}=2015,
find the number of possible ordered pairs (a,r)(a,r).

Official solution

1. Given the sequence a1,a2,,a13a_1, a_2, \dots, a_{13} is a geometric sequence with a1=aa_1 = a and common ratio rr, we can express the terms of the sequence as:
a1=a,a2=ar,a3=ar2,,a13=ar12 a_1 = a, \quad a_2 = ar, \quad a_3 = ar^2, \quad \ldots, \quad a_{13} = ar^{12}

2. The logarithmic sum given in the problem is:
log2015a1+log2015a2++log2015a13=2015 \log_{2015} a_1 + \log_{2015} a_2 + \dots + \log_{2015} a_{13} = 2015

3. Using the properties of logarithms, we can combine the terms:
log2015a1+log2015a2++log2015a13=log2015(aarar2ar12) \log_{2015} a_1 + \log_{2015} a_2 + \dots + \log_{2015} a_{13} = \log_{2015} (a \cdot ar \cdot ar^2 \cdot \ldots \cdot ar^{12})

4. Simplifying the product inside the logarithm:
aarar2ar12=a13r0+1+2++12=a13r78 a \cdot ar \cdot ar^2 \cdot \ldots \cdot ar^{12} = a^{13} \cdot r^{0+1+2+\ldots+12} = a^{13} \cdot r^{78}

5. Therefore, the equation becomes:
log2015(a13r78)=2015 \log_{2015} (a^{13} \cdot r^{78}) = 2015

6. Using the property of logarithms logb(xy)=logbx+logby\log_b (x \cdot y) = \log_b x + \log_b y, we get:
log2015(a13r78)=log2015a13+log2015r78=13log2015a+78log2015r \log_{2015} (a^{13} \cdot r^{78}) = \log_{2015} a^{13} + \log_{2015} r^{78} = 13 \log_{2015} a + 78 \log_{2015} r

7. Given that this sum equals 2015:
13log2015a+78log2015r=2015 13 \log_{2015} a + 78 \log_{2015} r = 2015

8. Removing the logarithm by exponentiating both sides with base 2015, we get:
a13r78=20152015 a^{13} \cdot r^{78} = 2015^{2015}

9. Taking the 13th root of both sides:
(a13r78)1/13=(20152015)1/13 (a^{13} \cdot r^{78})^{1/13} = (2015^{2015})^{1/13}
ar6=2015155 a \cdot r^6 = 2015^{155}

10. Since 2015=513312015 = 5 \cdot 13 \cdot 31, we can express 20151552015^{155} as:
2015155=(51331)155=51551315531155 2015^{155} = (5 \cdot 13 \cdot 31)^{155} = 5^{155} \cdot 13^{155} \cdot 31^{155}

11. We need to find the number of possible ordered pairs (a,r)(a, r) such that ar6=51551315531155a \cdot r^6 = 5^{155} \cdot 13^{155} \cdot 31^{155}.

12. Each prime factor of rr can take on 26 different degrees, ranging from 0 to 25, because 625=150<1556 \cdot 25 = 150 < 155. Since rr has 3 prime factors (5, 13, and 31), the number of possible values for rr is:
263 26^3

13. For each value of rr, aa is uniquely determined by the equation a=2015155r6a = \frac{2015^{155}}{r^6}.

14. Therefore, the number of possible ordered pairs (a,r)(a, r) is:
263 \boxed{26^3}

Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic, difficulty and ordering added by this site.