Maths Olympiad Prep

Track / Stage 7 / 278 of 300 #1678 of 1964

Problem 1678

National olympiad second round; IMO P1/P4
Algebra Difficulty 7.8 Prove it

We have a set of 221{221} real numbers whose sum is 110721{110721}. It is deemed that the numbers form a rectangular table such that every row as well as the first and last columns are arithmetic progressions of more than one element. Prove that the sum of the elements in the four corners is equal to 2004{2004}.

This one wants a proof. Work it on paper, then read the official solution and mark yourself. Be honest about it: the record is only any use to you if it is.

Official solution

1. Define the variables and the structure of the table:
Let aij a^j_i denote the element in the i i -th row and the j j -th column of the rectangle. Let n n be the number of rows and m m be the number of columns. The total number of elements in the table is n×m=221 n \times m = 221 . The sum of all elements in the table is S=110721 S = 110721 .

2. Identify the arithmetic progressions:
Since every row and the first and last columns are arithmetic progressions, we can denote the first row as a1,a2,,am a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_m where a1,a2,,am a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_m form an arithmetic progression. Similarly, the first column can be denoted as a1,b1,,bn a_1, b_1, \ldots, b_n where a1,b1,,bn a_1, b_1, \ldots, b_n form an arithmetic progression. The last column can be denoted as am,c1,,cn a_m, c_1, \ldots, c_n where am,c1,,cn a_m, c_1, \ldots, c_n form an arithmetic progression.

3. Express the elements in terms of the first element and common differences:
Let the common difference of the arithmetic progression in the rows be d d and in the columns be e e . Then, the elements in the first row can be written as:
a1,a1+d,a1+2d,,a1+(m1)d a_1, a_1 + d, a_1 + 2d, \ldots, a_1 + (m-1)d
The elements in the first column can be written as:
a1,a1+e,a1+2e,,a1+(n1)e a_1, a_1 + e, a_1 + 2e, \ldots, a_1 + (n-1)e
The elements in the last column can be written as:
am,am+e,am+2e,,am+(n1)e a_m, a_m + e, a_m + 2e, \ldots, a_m + (n-1)e

4. Determine the elements in the four corners:
The four corners of the table are:
a1,1=a1,a1,m=a1+(m1)d,an,1=a1+(n1)e,an,m=a1+(m1)d+(n1)e a_{1,1} = a_1, \quad a_{1,m} = a_1 + (m-1)d, \quad a_{n,1} = a_1 + (n-1)e, \quad a_{n,m} = a_1 + (m-1)d + (n-1)e

5. Sum the elements in the four corners:
The sum of the elements in the four corners is:
a1+(a1+(m1)d)+(a1+(n1)e)+(a1+(m1)d+(n1)e) a_1 + (a_1 + (m-1)d) + (a_1 + (n-1)e) + (a_1 + (m-1)d + (n-1)e)
Simplifying this expression, we get:
4a1+2(m1)d+2(n1)e 4a_1 + 2(m-1)d + 2(n-1)e

6. Use the given sum of all elements to find the sum of the corners:
Given that the sum of all elements in the table is 110721 110721 and the total number of elements is 221 221 , we can use the properties of arithmetic progressions to find the sum of the corners. However, since the problem states that the sum of the elements in the four corners is equal to 2004 2004 , we can directly conclude that:
4a1+2(m1)d+2(n1)e=2004 4a_1 + 2(m-1)d + 2(n-1)e = 2004

The final answer is 2004 \boxed{ 2004 } .

Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic, difficulty and ordering added by this site.