Maths Olympiad Prep

Track / Stage 7 / 62 of 300 #1462 of 1964

Problem 1462

National olympiad second round; IMO P1/P4
Combinatorics Difficulty 7.1 Prove it

A table tennis tournament has 101101 contestants, where each pair of contestants will play each other exactly once. In each match, the player who gets 1111 points first is the winner, and the other the loser. At the end of the tournament, it turns out that there exist matches with scores 1111 to 00 and 1111 to 1010. Show that there exists 3 contestants A,B,CA,B,C such that the score of the losers in the matches between A,BA,B and A,CA,C are equal, but different from the score of the loser in the match between B,CB,C.

This one wants a proof. Work it on paper, then read the official solution and mark yourself. Be honest about it: the record is only any use to you if it is.

Official solution

1. Graph Interpretation: Consider a graph G G where each vertex represents a contestant and each edge represents a match between two contestants. The edge is colored based on the score of the loser in the match. There are 11 possible colors (0 through 10).

2. Existence of a Vertex with Multiple Colors: Choose a vertex v v in G G such that v v has neighbors of at least two different colors. Such a vertex must exist because if all edges were of the same color, it would contradict the problem statement that there are matches with scores 11-0 and 11-10.

3. Application of the Pigeonhole Principle: By the Pigeonhole Principle, there is a color c c such that v v has at least 10 neighbors connected by edges of color c c . Let X X be the set of these neighbors.

4. Finding a Suitable Trio:
- If there are two vertices in X X connected by an edge of a color different from c c , then we can choose these two vertices and v v to form the required trio.
- Assume all edges between vertices in X X are of color c c .

5. Considering Another Color: Consider another color c c' such that there is at least one edge from v v of color c c' . Let v v' be a vertex such that the edge between v v and v v' is of color c c' .

6. **Checking Edges from v v' to X X **:
- For each vertex v0X v_0 \in X , if the edge between v0 v_0 and v v' is of color c c or c c' , then we can choose v,v,v0 v, v', v_0 to form the required trio.
- Otherwise, all edges between vertices in X X and v v' must be of a color different from c c and c c' .

7. Application of the Pigeonhole Principle Again: Since there are 9 remaining colors and X10 |X| \geq 10 , by the Pigeonhole Principle, there must be at least two vertices v1,v2X v_1, v_2 \in X such that the edges between v1 v_1 and v v' , and v2 v_2 and v v' are of the same color, distinct from c c and c c' .

8. Conclusion: We can choose v1,v2 v_1, v_2 , and v v' to form the required trio. The edges between v1 v_1 and v2 v_2 are of color c c , and the edges between v1 v_1 and v v' , and v2 v_2 and v v' are of the same color, distinct from c c .

\blacksquare

Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic, difficulty and ordering added by this site.