A table tennis tournament has contestants, where each pair of contestants will play each other exactly once. In each match, the player who gets points first is the winner, and the other the loser. At the end of the tournament, it turns out that there exist matches with scores to and to . Show that there exists 3 contestants such that the score of the losers in the matches between and are equal, but different from the score of the loser in the match between .
Problem 1462
Official solution
1. Graph Interpretation: Consider a graph where each vertex represents a contestant and each edge represents a match between two contestants. The edge is colored based on the score of the loser in the match. There are 11 possible colors (0 through 10).
2. Existence of a Vertex with Multiple Colors: Choose a vertex in such that has neighbors of at least two different colors. Such a vertex must exist because if all edges were of the same color, it would contradict the problem statement that there are matches with scores 11-0 and 11-10.
3. Application of the Pigeonhole Principle: By the Pigeonhole Principle, there is a color such that has at least 10 neighbors connected by edges of color . Let be the set of these neighbors.
4. Finding a Suitable Trio:
- If there are two vertices in connected by an edge of a color different from , then we can choose these two vertices and to form the required trio.
- Assume all edges between vertices in are of color .
5. Considering Another Color: Consider another color such that there is at least one edge from of color . Let be a vertex such that the edge between and is of color .
6. **Checking Edges from to **:
- For each vertex , if the edge between and is of color or , then we can choose to form the required trio.
- Otherwise, all edges between vertices in and must be of a color different from and .
7. Application of the Pigeonhole Principle Again: Since there are 9 remaining colors and , by the Pigeonhole Principle, there must be at least two vertices such that the edges between and , and and are of the same color, distinct from and .
8. Conclusion: We can choose , and to form the required trio. The edges between and are of color , and the edges between and , and and are of the same color, distinct from .