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Number theory Difficulty 5.1 AIME, harder Prove it Saudi Arabia

Find all pairs (x,y)(x, y) of positive integers such that
x2+y2+332=2010xy x^{2}+y^{2}+33^{2}=2010 \sqrt{x-y}

Solution

From 3x2+y23 \mid x^{2}+y^{2} it follows 3x3 \mid x and 3y3 \mid y, hence x=3ux=3u and y=3vy=3v, for some positive integers uu and vv. Replace in the equation and get 3(u2+v2+112)=6703(uv)3\left(u^{2}+v^{2}+11^{2}\right)=670 \sqrt{3(u-v)}, hence uv=3k2u-v=3k^{2}, for some positive integer kk, i.e. u2+v2+112=670ku^{2}+v^{2}+11^{2}=670k. We have u2+v2>(uv)2=9k4u^{2}+v^{2}>(u-v)^{2}=9k^{4}, and obtain 9k4+121<670k9k^{4}+121<670k, hence k<5k<5.

Case 1. If k=2k=2 or k=4k=4, then u2+v2+1120(mod4)u^{2}+v^{2}+11^{2} \equiv 0\pmod{4}, not possible since we have 1121(mod4)11^{2} \equiv 1\pmod{4} and u2,v20u^{2}, v^{2} \equiv 0 or 1(mod4)1\pmod{4}.

Case 2. If k=1k=1, then we get the system
{u2+v2=549uv=3 \left\{\begin{array}{l} u^{2}+v^{2}=549 \\ u-v=3 \end{array}\right.
having integer solutions u=18u=18 and v=15v=15. In this case it follows x=54x=54 and y=45y=45.

Case 3. If k=3k=3, then we get the system
{u2+v2=1882uv=27 \left\{\begin{array}{l} u^{2}+v^{2}=1882 \\ u-v=27 \end{array}\right.
having no solutions in integers.

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