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Number theory Difficulty 5.7 AIME, harder Prove it Estonia

Find all quadruples (p,q,r,s)(p, q, r, s) of primes that satisfy the following system of equations:
{6p+5q+5r+3s=1303p+3q+5r+6s=130 \begin{cases} 6p + 5q + 5r + 3s = 130 \\ 3p + 3q + 5r + 6s = 130 \end{cases}

Solutions — 2

Solution 1

Subtracting the second equation from the first one gives 3p+2q3s=03p + 2q - 3s = 0 which implies 2q=3(sp)2q = 3(s - p). Thus 2q2q is divisible by 33. As both 22 and qq are primes, this implies q=3q = 3. Substituting q=3q = 3 into the initial system of equations and simplifying gives
{6p+5r+3s=115,3p+5r+6s=121.(1) \begin{cases} 6p + 5r + 3s = 115, \\ 3p + 5r + 6s = 121. \end{cases} \quad (1)
If rr and ss were both odd then also 5r5r and 3s3s would be odd, whence 5r+3s5r + 3s would be even. As 6p6p is even, too, the left-hand side of the first equation of system (1) would be even and could not equal the right-hand side 115115. Thus one of rr and ss is even, i.e., r=2r = 2 or s=2s = 2. Analogously if pp and rr were both odd then the second equation of system (1) would give a contradiction; hence p=2p = 2 or r=2r = 2. Consequently, if r2r \neq 2 then p=s=2p = s = 2, but substituting p=sp = s into system (1) and subtracting the second equation from the first one gives 0=60 = -6. The contradiction shows that r=2r = 2. Substituting r=2r = 2 into system (1) and simplifying gives
{6p+3s=105,3p+6s=111. \begin{cases} 6p + 3s = 105, \\ 3p + 6s = 111. \end{cases}
Solving this equation gives p=11p = 11 and s=13s = 13.

Solution 2

As in Solution 1 we find q=3q = 3 and obtain system (1). Subtracting the first equation from the second one in system (1) gives 3s3p=63s - 3p = 6, implying s=p+2s = p + 2. The least pairs of prime numbers with difference 22 are (3,5)(3,5), (5,7)(5,7) and (11,13)(11,13). The next such pair (17,19)(17,19) gives 6p+3s>1156p + 3s > 115, implying that no more pairs are suitable. Substituting the three pairs one by one into system (1) and simplifying each time gives 5r=825r = 82, 5r=645r = 64 and 5r=105r = 10, respectively. Only the last alternative leads to an integral solution r=2r = 2, which is a prime, too. Consequently, the only possibility is (p,q,r,s)=(11,3,2,13)(p, q, r, s) = (11, 3, 2, 13).

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